The Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

     The tale The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, is about a disturbed youngster named Holden Caulfield. Holden look through his high school life, battling to discover answers to his inquiries regarding himself and his personality. Regardless of where Holden goes, as he would like to think he is encircled by fakes. They seem, by all accounts, to be wherever Holden is: his school, the lodging, the theater, and everywhere throughout the lanes of New York. The story is told from Holden’s perspective, as he tries to assemble the bits of the riddle that he calls his life.      Holden Caulfield, the principle character in the novel, is a juvenile young person. Holden is sixteen years of age, six feet two inches tall, with a team trim and rashly turning gray hair. His story starts as he is kicked out of private academy, and takes off to New York. Holden's musings and thoughts uncover a large number of his character characteristics. One late Saturday night, four days before the start of school get-away, Holden chooses to leave Pencey, his school, immediately and goes to New York via train. Once in New York, he concludes that he will remain in a modest inn until Wednesday, when he is to get back. His arrangement shows how extremely rash he is and how he follows up spontaneously. He is ridiculous, imagining that he has a secure arrangement, despite the fact that the degree of he will probably â€Å"take a room in a hotel...and simply relax till Wednesday.† This strategy demonstrates Holden’s foolishness and adolescence right off the bat in the novel.      Another impressively minor (yet still goal) expansion to the novel is Phoebe Caulfield. Holden’s more youthful sister is his primary supporter. She stays with him regardless, yet she likewise, be that as it may, isn't hesitant to chasten Holden for his blunders. Despite the fact that Phoebe is simply a little youngster, she comprehends Holden, here and there more than he does. â€Å"Old Phoebe didn’t state anything, however she was listening.... she generally listens when you reveal to her something. What's more, the entertaining part is she knows, a fraction of the time, what the heck you’re discussing. She truly does.† (167) Phoebe is a moment token of joy to Holden, and each choice he makes rotates some way or another around the sister he adores to such an extent.  â â â â Holden Caulfield, from the start, seems, by all accounts, to be having a contention with society, however, upon closer assessment, we see that he is genuinely just at war with himself.

Reflective Account Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Intelligent Account - Essay Example 3. Summed up investigation and gaining - moving endlessly from the particular model, what did this raise about how the chipping practically speaking and hypothesis identify with one another all the more for the most part (for example did a discussion raise any issues about the strategies utilized by the organization? or on the other hand about working expertly? or then again did the gathering or movement raise issues about strategy or frameworks or methods?) The discussion truly caused me to comprehend the significance of chipping by and by as an extension between hypothetical work and practice. The school urges educators to be exceptionally near the one of a kind needs of understudies. The instructors are required to follow up on the student’s needs in habits that rouse and empower restored vitality. This was one case summoned me to put myself as the educator in the shoes of the understudy in Oder to comprehend her situation and act basically suitably. Following the discussion I saw the need to development and help rouse the understudy in order to assist her with building up a superior mental self portrait in spite of the circumstance. My subsequent will include helping the young lady receive systems that assist her with transforming her circumstance into a chance to exceed expectations in her scholastic and general life. In future as a component of my learning and improvement I will be progressively cautious cut dealing with students from various social, social and monetary foundations. These are factors influencing conduct and correspondence among students and as an educator I should be progressively proactive and socially

How Extinction Is Defined in Psychology

How Extinction Is Defined in Psychology Theories Behavioral Psychology Print How Extinction Is Defined in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 25, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 06, 2019 Shestock / Blend Images / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology What could cause a person or animal to stop engaging in a previously conditioned behavior? Extinction is one explanation. In psychology, extinction refers to the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing. In other words, the conditioned behavior eventually stops. For example, imagine that you taught your dog to shake hands. Over time, the trick became less interesting. You stop rewarding the behavior and eventually stop asking your dog to shake. Eventually, the response becomes extinct, and your dog no longer displays the behavior. Causes of Extinction and When It Occurs In classical conditioning, when a conditioned stimulus is presented alone without an unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response will eventually cease. For example, in Pavlovs classic experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell. When the bell was repeatedly presented without the presentation of food, the salivation response eventually became extinct. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when a response is no longer reinforced following a discriminative stimulus. B. F. Skinner described how he first observed this phenomenon: My first extinction curve showed up by accident. A rat was pressing the lever in an experiment on satiation when the pellet dispenser jammed. I was not there at the time, and when I returned I found a beautiful curve. The rat had gone on pressing although no pellets were received.... The change was more orderly than the extinction of a salivary reflex in Pavlovs setting, and I was terribly excited. It was a Friday afternoon and there was no one in the laboratory who I could tell. All that weekend I crossed streets with particular care and avoided all unnecessary risks to protect my discovery from loss through my accidental death. Examples of Extinction Lets take a closer look at a few more examples of extinction. Imagine that a researcher has trained a lab rat to press a key to receive a food pellet. What happens when the researcher stops delivering the food? While extinction will not occur immediately, it will after time. If the rat continues to press the key but does not get the pellet, the behavior will eventually dwindle until it disappears entirely. Conditioned taste aversions can also be affected by extinction. Imagine that you ate some ice cream right before getting sick and throwing it up. As a result, you developed a taste aversion to ice cream and avoided eating it, even though it was formerly one of your favorite foods. One way to overcome this reluctance would be to expose yourself to ice cream, even if just the thought of eating it made you feel a little queasy. You might start by taking just a few small tastes over and over again. As you continued to eat the food without getting sick, your conditioned aversion would eventually diminish. Extinction Doesnt Mean Its Gone Forever If the conditioned response is no longer displayed, does that really mean that its gone forever? In his research on classical conditioning, Pavlov found that when extinction occurs, it doesnt mean that the subject returns to their unconditioned state. Allowing several hours or even days to elapse after a response has been extinguished can result in spontaneous recovery of the response. Spontaneous recovery refers to the sudden reappearance of a previously extinct response. In his research on operant conditioning, Skinner discovered that how and when a behavior is reinforced could influence how resistant it was to extinction. He found that a partial schedule of reinforcement (reinforcing a behavior only part of the time) helped reduce the chances of extinction. Rather than reinforcing the behavior each and every time it occurs, the reinforcement is given only after a certain amount of time has elapsed or a certain number of responses have occurred. This sort of partial schedule results in behavior that is stronger and more resistant to extinction.   Factors That May Influence Extinction A number of factors can influence how resistant a behavior is to extinction. The strength of the original conditioning can play an important role. The longer the conditioning has taken place and the magnitude of the conditioned response may make the response more resistant to extinction. Behaviors that are very well established may become almost impervious to extinction and may continue to be displayed even after the reinforcement has been removed altogether. Some research has suggested that habituation may play a role in extinction as well. For example, repeated exposure to a conditioned stimulus may eventually lead you to become used to it, or habituated. Because you have become habituated to the conditioned stimulus, you are more likely to ignore it and its less likely to elicit a response, eventually leading to the extinction of the conditioned behavior. Personality factors might also play a role in extinction. One study found that children who were more anxious were slower to habituate to a sound. As a result, their fear response to the sound was slower to become extinct than non-anxious children.

Writing Greek Letters on the Computer

If you write anything scientific or mathematical on the internet, you will quickly find the need for several special characters that are not readily available on your keyboard. ASCII characters for  HTML  allow you to include many characters that dont appear on an English keyboard, including the  Greek alphabet. To make the correct character appear on the page, start with an ampersand () and a pound sign (#), followed by a three-digit number, and ending with a semicolon (;). Creating Greek Letters This table contains  many Greek letters  but not all of them. It only contains uppercase and lowercase letters that are not available on a keyboard. For  example, you can type the capital alpha (A) in Greek  with a regular capital  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹A  because these letters look the same in Greek and English. You can also use the code #913 or Alpha. The results are the same. Not all symbols are supported by all browsers. Check before you publish. You may need to add the following bit of code in the head part of your HTML document: meta http-equivcontent-type contenttext/html; charsetutf-8 HTML Codes for Greek Letters Character Displayed HTML Code capital gamma Γ #915; or Gamma; capital delta Δ #916; or Delta; capital theta ÃŽËœ #920; or Theta; capital lambda Λ #923; or Lamda; capital xi Ξ #926; or Xi; capital pi ÃŽ   #928; or Pi; capital sigma ÃŽ £ #931; or Sigma; capital phi ÃŽ ¦ #934; or Phi; capital psi ÃŽ ¨ #936; or Psi; capital omega ÃŽ © #937; or Omega; small alpha ÃŽ ± #945; or alpha; small beta ÃŽ ² #946; or beta; small gamma ÃŽ ³ #947; or gamma; small delta ÃŽ ´ #948; or delta; small epsilon ÃŽ µ #949; or epsilon; small zeta ÃŽ ¶ #950; or zeta; small eta ÃŽ · #951; or zeta; small theta ÃŽ ¸ #952; or theta; small iota ÃŽ ¹ #953; or iota; small kappa ÃŽ º #954; or kappa; small lamda ÃŽ » #955; or lambda; small mu ÃŽ ¼ #956; or mu; small nu ÃŽ ½ #957; or nu; small xi ÃŽ ¾ #958; or xi; small pi Ï€ #960; or pi; small rho Ï  #961; or rho; small sigma ÏÆ' #963; or sigma; small tau Ï„ #964; or tau; small upsilon Ï… #965; or upsilon; small phi φ #966; or phi; small chi χ #967; or chi; small psi ψ #968; or psi; small omega ω #969; or omega; Alt Codes for Greek Letters You can also use Alt codes—also called quick codes,  quick keys, or keyboard shortcuts—to create Greek letters, as displayed in the  table below, which was adapted from the website  Useful Shortcuts. To create any of these Greek letters using the Alt codes, simply press the Alt key while simultaneously typing the listed number. For example, to create the Greek letter Alpha (ÃŽ ±), press the Alt key and type 224 using the keypad at the right side of your keyboard. (Do not use the numbers at the top of the keyboard located above the letter keys, as they will not work for creating Greek letters.) Character Displayed Alt Code Alpha ÃŽ ± Alt 225 Beta ÃŽ ² Alt 225 Gamma Γ Alt 226 Delta ÃŽ ´ Alt 235 Epsilon ÃŽ µ Alt 238 Theta ÃŽËœ Alt 233 Pi Ï€ Alt 227 Mu  µ Alt 230 Uppercase Sigma ÃŽ £ Alt 228 Lowercase Sigma ÏÆ' Alt 229 Tau Ï„ Alt 231 Uppercase Phi ÃŽ ¦ Alt 232 Lowercase Phi φ Alt 237 Omega ÃŽ © Alt 234 History of the Greek Alphabet The Greek alphabet went through several changes over the centuries. Before the fifth century B.C., there were two similar Greek alphabets, the Ionic and Chalcidian. The Chalcidian alphabet may have been the forerunner of the Etruscan alphabet and, later, the Latin alphabet. It is the Latin alphabet that forms the basis of most European alphabets. Meanwhile, Athens adopted the Ionic alphabet; as a result, it is still used in modern Greece. While the original Greek alphabet was written in all capitals, three different scripts were created to make it easier to write quickly. These include uncial, a system for connecting capital letters, as well as the more familiar cursive and minuscule. Minuscule is the basis for modern Greek handwriting. Why You Should Know the Greek Alphabet Even if you never plan to learn Greek, there are good reasons to familiarize yourself with the alphabet. Mathematics and science use Greek letters like pi (Ï€) to complement the numeric symbols. Sigma in its capital form (ÃŽ £) can stand for sum, while the uppercase letter delta (Δ) can mean  change. The Greek alphabet is also central to the study of theology. For example, the Greek used in the Bible—called  Koine (or common) Greek—is different than  modern Greek. Koine Greek was the language used by writers of the Old Testament Greek Septuagint  (the earliest existing Greek translation of the Old Testament) and the Greek New Testament, according to an article titled The Greek Alphabet published on the website  BibleScripture.net. So, many theologians need to study ancient Greek to get closer to the original biblical text. Having ways to quickly produce Greek letters using HTML or keyboard shortcuts makes this process much easier. Additionally, Greek letters are used to designate fraternities, sororities, and philanthropic organizations. Some books in English are also numbered using the letters of the Greek alphabet. Sometimes, both lowercase and capitals are employed for simplification. Thus, you may find that the books of the Iliad are written Α to ÃŽ © and those of the Odyssey, ÃŽ ± to ω.

The Number One Article on Easy Exploratory Essay Topics

The Number One Article on Easy Exploratory Essay Topics With that said, before you begin to publish an exploratory problem, you might not be in a position to keep the opinions nice and rich. Since you can notice, many of the topics mentioned in the above mentioned list focus do not own a definite answer. In addition, it's important to settle on a topic which you're interested in because it is going to provide you a chance to inform the world about the issues you genuinely care about. Selecting the most suitable topic plays a terrific part in writing and, as a consequence, in getting a great grade. It would likewise be great if you introduced your own advice on the way the issue you're studying can be solved. A great deal of students think about the conclusion to be the simplest portion of the paper. Sometimes, when asked to select this issue by themselves, college students might feel somewhat frustrated. The next factor to consider is how the writing process ought to be handled so as to create an ideal paper. It's possible to take a look at a plethora of samples readily available online and even opt for the writers that agree with your needs. You can trust the ideal essay help online. If you have issues with writing, it is also possible to take a look at our guides and samples for aid. So now you are aware of how to pick a very good topic for your essay. Find relevant and trustworthy sources of information which you will use in your essay. An exploratory essay is simply not as fundamental as you might have at first believed. Especially, if it's an exploratory essay . Your exploration ought to be well-directed. Exploratory essays are interesting academic assignments due to the fact that they differ from different types. Developing a stable exploratory essay intro is genuinely a very tricky undertaking. After the research on the finest exploratory essay topic ideas is completed, think of the structure of your upcoming essay. Together with the UK Essay Help undergraduates find it impossible to be worried about the time but delight in a complete life. Learn what things to begin with, some frequent topics. Revision is an important portion of the writing procedure, and you're encouraged to compose several drafts of your assignments. What You Should Do to Find Out About Easy Exploratory Essay Topics Before You're Left Behind Clearly, the very first thing you must know is what an exploratory essay is. The most suitable choice selection is about discovering a perfect idea for your exploratory essay writing. All you have to do is to work hard to collect information, analyze this, and check each source before you commence putting all intriguing ideas together in your exploratory essay. The very best thing about us is that each and every time you can buy original essay papers for sale. If you decide on an idea but find you can't compose a paper by yourself, you can merely buy argumentative essay on the website. Our site enables you to obtain a correct topic from our lists, and argumentative essay examples. Our site is just one of the most appropriate for essay help. The previous point to do before starting to compose an essay is to produce its outline. Read about a few tips expert writers can give when one should compose a scholarship essay. In many cases, it can be put into the debut, presenting just what the writer looks for to accomplish. The writing document is much more challenging. You desire a focused topic that will create a very good paper. To make it even easier, we'll advise on how best to select the best topic for your paper. If you're fighting to get a topic for your research paper, utilize the presented suggestions. Free research paper sample may also be availed on the exact website if you aren't sure in regards to the quality given to you by assignments writers. Also, make certain that you have carefully read all the guides and rubrics in order for your paper will meet all the needed requirements. Response journals won't be accepted late. They will not be accepted late, but they may be sent electronically.

Relational Database Management System (Dbms) Free Essays

Running head: TERM PROJECT Term Project and Proposal Name: University: Course: Date of submission: Abstract Business corporations often require summarized pieces of data in the form of pivot tables for efficient and strategic decision-making. However, the use of pivot tables poses certain data storage problems especially in the light of the need to have the formulas stored with data. This paper presents one data storage situation where using pivot tables for summarizing data was unsuitable because the storage was done using a Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet, stored in XLS format. We will write a custom essay sample on Relational Database Management System (Dbms) or any similar topic only for you Order Now The project purposes to implement the data storage using a database management system, in this case, Microsoft Access to address the problem Purpose and goal of this project To develop an improved data storage system using Microsoft Access 2010 as the Relational Database Management System (DBMS) that would make generation of Pivot Tables and charts easy while proving other benefits to the business. The database will replace the Microsoft XLS file format for storing the data and the benefit of database normalization will be realized. This includes reduced data redundancy and enhanced manipulation of data for decision-making and presentation. Users and Administrators The database system shall have many users. The database administrator, known as DBA in short, will carry the tasks of managing and supporting the database system through giving access rights to other users, acquisition of database resources, and coordination and monitoring of the users of the database. The actual developer or designer of this database would identify what important data needs to be stored in the database system, and select the appropriate database structures for representing the data in a relational model. The end users mainly query, generate reports, and update the database. This is where the sales manager belongs. We may also have parametric end users who depend on pre-programmed tools for committing certain transactions using the database. This would be users like cashiers. Current data storage implementation A sales manager had stored some useful sales data in a spreadsheet format and wanted help on creating summary data and visual representation using charts. According to the sales manager, pivot tables could do the summary he needed but could not work out exactly how to achieve this. He used conditional formatting to ensure that cell backgrounds are automatically colored based on the input values. He ensured that when an employee worked away from the office, he entered wa in the column for that employee on that day. When an employee worked at home, he entered wh, and when he/she was off-duty, he entered o against that employee. The problem with this data storage is that each employee is set up in a manner that one of the three statuses (o, wa, or wh) could be entered per day. Of course, this appears convenient enough for rapid data entry and pointing out the status of each staff each date. Nevertheless, this approach leaves each employee acting as an independent variable instead of varying values or classes of the variable Employee. The storage, for instance, disregards Al, Clara, or Joel as the Employee entity, not both. This is similar to storing data in a report generated from a database instead of storing such data in a database table. Consequently, this poses a challenge when attempting to summarize data by means of just one pivot table. This means the values for one employee do not relate to the other employee. Even though it is possible to distinguish two employees, more than two employees represent a challenge in understanding their statuses and making summaries using a pivot table. Using a database to improve the process To develop an improved data storage system, we would store this data in one of the popular relational databases such as Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, or MySQL database management system. It would then become easier for the sales manager (user) to produce the desired pivot table and consequently the needed summary data to aid decision-making. This paper implements the solution using Microsoft Access 2007. In this case, the table would have each Employee with the values such as Al and Clara, the Date with values like 1/05/2011, and the Status with values o, wh, and wa. This would result in several records per day but each record would represent only one Employee. With this form of normalization, it is possible and plain to create the desired pivot table. In fact, pivot tables generated from this normalized data would be able to answer questions like â€Å"which employee worked away on a certain day of the month? Unfortunately, though, this data is stored in a way that the user would not be able to see or even use it at times. There are many benefits of using a database over spreadsheets for storing this kind of data. The following is a list of some of these benefits to the sales business and users: * Database management systems provide for restricted access to * Databases help reduce or avoid data storage redundancy * Per sistent storage of data structures and useful program objects like queries and reports * Databases help enforce referential and standards Databases help in representing sophisticated relationship among vast amounts of data * DBMS provide for database backup and recovery Data elements to be involved: entities and attributes This database system will center on capturing employee details with respect to whether they worked on a certain day or not, and if they did work, in which mode. The database will have each record represent a certain employee every day / date. The key table entities would be Employee, Date, and Status. Contents of that table may include Employee Number, Employee name, Employment Date, Age, Gender, Contacts, Job Title, Department, and Retirement Age. These two tables would be helpful in producing the required information the sales manager needs for this project: to know who worked on what data and the mode of working. In addition, this would help to know who took leave when and how many employees took off in a certain day or month for instance. This database would have so much but we restrict ourselves to Employee related details for the purposes of meeting the desired goal. The database platform The chosen database platform is Microsoft Access 2010 mainly because this is a simple but powerful platform for rapid prototyping of this project. It provides most of the functionalities enterprise level systems like Oracle provide and perhaps at higher levels it may be necessary to upgrade the database to Oracle, SQL Server, or MySQL. Database normalization and design of actual tables The process of database normalization deals with functional dependency issues in the design of a database. Normalisation aims at avoiding three anomalises: insertion, update, and deletion that any database may face. There are several normal forms but the first three are the most important. In this context, the Employee details regarding department and status of work are independent entities and require separate tables. This gives the first normal form. When every field is properly placed in such a manner that the fields in a single table directly depend on the primary key, this gives the second normal form. This is the level this project attained. The following are the key fields that would perhaps belong to a single table under the un-normalized form: tblEmployee EmployeeID (PK Integer) FirstName LastName Department Date WorkStatus The first normal form would eliminate recurring values such as WorkStatus and Department column. The results in having two separate tables for recording employee details and attendance details as follows: tblEmployee EmployeeID (PK Integer) FirstName LastName tblAttendance AttendanceID (PK Autonumber) Date WorkStatus tblDepartment (PK Number) DeptID DeptName The following Entity Relationship Model shows the interrelationship between the three table objects: Employee, Department, and Attendance. There are three primary keys and two foreign keys. The primary key for table Department is labeled DeptID for uniquely identifying each department. The field takes a maximum of one digit (1 – 9) hoping the company does not have more than 9 departments. The field is auto-increment meaning it is auto-generated during registration of a department. The EmpID is the primary key for Employee entity and is Text with five digits e. g. 10874. The last primary key is the AttendanceID, which is auto-increment. The DeptID in tblEmployee is a foreign key to link tblEmployee with tblDepartment. EmpID in tblAttendance is also a foreign key for association with tblEmployee. This way, all the three tables are related and referential integrity and update integrity enforced. For the test data entered, the following pivot table employs filters based on the mode of working â€Å"wa†, â€Å"wh†, or â€Å"O’†. Filtering by â€Å"wa† gives: Moreover, a query that displays every aspect of an employee by joining the three tables is show hereunder: Documentation Double click the file â€Å"Employee Attendance DB. accdb† to open the database (Note: file opens with Microsoft Excel 2007/2010 only]. You may have to click on Options button that appear at the Toolbars section and choose â€Å"Enable† to run the application. Double click any of the objects to begin interacting with the object (Table, Query, or Form). To use a form to input data, double click the form and click right arrow key button at the lower section of the form labeled â€Å"Next Record† to add a new record. Clicking this button again saves the existing record. The navigation tool is shown hereunder: This is a simple database system but caters for the needs of the sales manager in checking the attendance of the employees working in the department by using the query â€Å"qryAllDetails† to generate a Pivot table showing the attendance of employees in the Sales department only, for instance. This is achieved by double-clicking the query right-clicking on the tab representing the open query selecting PivotTableView Selecting the appropriate fields from the PivotTable Field List by double-clicking them and finally selecting â€Å"Sales† using the list-box under the heading â€Å"DeptName† in the generated PivotTable. There is much more power in using this database than is possible using Excel. References Maletsky, J. Rafael, S. (2008). Microsoft Access 2007 Analyze Data with Pivot Tables. 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United Federation of Teachers and DC 37

Introduction Unions are legally formed to serve as the voices of all workers in New York City or entire country. They act as representatives of public and private employees in several industries in the United States. Their main aim centers on cooperative negotiations in issues related to wage increase, workers’ benefits and better working conditions for their members and addressing other issues like disputes with administration about infringement of contract conditions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on United Federation of Teachers and DC 37 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most unions in the United States are adjusted to one of two major unions, Change to Win Federation and AFL-CIO that was legally formed in 1955. These two unions represent or bargain guidelines and legislation as they represent employees in America and contribute a major part in the country’s politics (Moe 66). The paper d iscusses the achievements of United Federation of Teachers (UFT) and District Council (DC 37), as well as their challenges and shortcomings that are involved in their membership. United Federation of Teachers has played a huge part in addressing the rights of teachers and nurses in New York City. Since its formation in 1960s, it has solved several issues related to educational matters, such as wage increase, workers’ benefits, and currently the reduction in class sizes. They also take part in the political affairs through financing most campaign activities. Some critics have stated that American teachers’ unions undermine the performance and productivity of schools through disregarding the issues related to students, management, and parents, while serving as a voice for teachers. Some studies have reported that increase in teachers’ wages does not improve the productivity and performance of students and schools in general. DC 37 has played an important part in m atters of women’s rights and equal pay among all employees in public sectors. United Federation of Teachers (UFT) Since 1960s, the management of United Federation of Teachers (UFT) has ensured that it portrays itself as union of expertise that exercises the rights and privileges of its members. UFT serves as a voice of more than 200,000 teachers, home daycare employees and nurses in New York City and consider that children are worth of secure schools, provision of social and health requirements, and appropriate instructions from the teachers and the government. In 2005, there were around 18,000 paraprofessionals and 120,000 in-serves teachers in United Federation of Teachers, together with around 55,000 retired teachers and other participants. At the end of 2007, 28,250 home daycare employees selected to be part of the union, making the sum number of members to go by the 200,000 mark (Moe 66).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help y ou! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Achievements UFT was very active in decreasing the size of classrooms and directly intended and led to advanced teaching arrangement and system which permitted for professional association and teaching background. The union was also powerful in legalizing charter school acceptance policy to guarantee an unbiased assessment application procedure. Currently, the union is in opposition to merit pay for its members and favoring seniority-based payment, but became involved in 2007 in approving a voluntary incentive system for performing schools with higher population and greater requirements. The United Federation of Teachers does not favor a recommended reform of the seniority-based LIFO (education) policy. The union powerfully supports the lessening of class sizes for every grade stage and subjects in all public schools in New York City to provide quality and standardize education program. In 2005, in the contract negotiations, the United Federation of Teachers effectively included language to the agreement that precisely safeguard teachers from experiencing penalty due to the planning of the classroom furniture, the arrangement of the bulletin boards, and finally the precise length of lesson units. Annually, the union provides scholarship opportunities to undergraduate and graduates and around $1 million are awarded to these students according to their academic achievements and inability to finance their college expenses. In 2011, 250 high school graduates were awarded $5,000 each to gather for their higher education expenses (Haskins 116). United Federation of Teachers has embarked to start charter schools of their own and there are some reasons why they want to begin this process. United Federation of Teachers claims that Charter schools permit teachers to innovate and experiment in approaches that are complex in common government schools. Charter schools operators are aware that their members have the privilege to create unions if they consider it important since organized and prepared teachers can produce valuable partnerships. In the 1980s and 1990s, the lobar and civil rights which had experienced destruction and set backs during 1960s and 1970s were restructured as labor unions that came together to address the issues of quality and acceptable education for every student, standard class sizes, and provision of safety nets to families.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on United Federation of Teachers and DC 37 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The United Federation of Teachers was an active follower of landmark school aid court case recorded by the Campaign for Fiscal Equity in 1993, an alliance of education activists and parents who were concerned about the welfare of their children. The legal clash resulted in a decision forcing the state to offer not less than $2 billion above the normal in educatio nal funding to public schools around New York City (Meyer 3). Another field of which the United Federation of Teachers has shown well-built relationship with its structured members and has achieved its goals is with the Municipal Labor committee. This committee is an affiliate alliance for government employee unions that serve as a negotiating representative for health coverage with the New York City. In 2011, the health insurance bargained for domestic daycare providers, who are members of United Federation of Teachers, in their initial contract with the city and will soon come to action. Family care providers are expected to obtain health coverage under the UFT Family Health Plus system, this is a health coverage project funded by New York City and provided completely to providers of United Federation of Teachers under health coverage of EmblemHealth. Other than health benefits provided through this plan, providers engaging in this program will also obtain an influential medical a dvocate that will be under the United Federation of Teachers. Often, bargaining the medical coverage arrangement is challenging and this is the reason the union is regularly examining the UFT Health Care Plus plan keenly are prepared and accessible always to support every member in it who considers that he has not received or his rights are limited (Wright 4). The benefits provided through this program are wide-ranging containing dental and inpatient hospital, specialty, and primary care, together with prescription medicine insurance to their members who need these services. Remarkably, and regardless of the direct allocating of $700 million to decrease class size and significant projects of the community by United Federation of Teachers and its new alliance parties, the sizes of classes in the government schools in the city really improved in the years after obtaining this sum of money. Incensed, the union filed a case against the New York City DOE for not utilizing the funds alloc ated by the state to decrease the class sizes (Meyer 3). The UFT applied the court case to inform the people, especially the parents, about the inability of City Administration to utilize taxpayers’ monies appropriately. The initial rulings in the lawsuit, during the mid 2010, were showing positive potentials.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The first achievement of UFT was in 1969 when they successfully won the privilege to represent around 11,000 government school paraprofessionals in the state of New York. Even though different AFT (America Federation of Teachers) locals had served as the voice of most librarians, school nurses, and other members of education structure, the United Federation of Teachers election officially inaugurated the first main growth into non-teaching staff (Wright 4). DC 37 Launched in 1944, District council 37 (DC 37) has expanded from union of not more than a thousand members in the state’s health care, business, and parks to the national biggest union of government workers, with above 130, 000 employees participating in state’s cultural and agencies organizations. In 2005, the officials of DC 37 wrote to the mayor addressing the challenges that the members of DC 37 are undergoing. Working jointly with the mayor, and some banks, DC 37 generated the MEHP, the earliest and the gr eatest widespread labor-sponsored reasonable priced housing projects among all other states. With the help of DC 37, the members received mortgage and the union housing plans provided comprehensive services, which includes mortgages, development loans, and other services for the city employees who are experiencing shortage of housing. The members of the union can qualify for the funds and mortgage support to buy co-ops, second home within the city, and even condos. In November 2010, DC 37 started contract bargains with the New York City for a new economic accord and has examined the budget of the city and revealed the intensive contracting-out misuse and corruption. For instance CityTime, along with the policy of the city, did not intentionally receive particular taxes and charges to which it is warranted. Some of the major important activities executed by DC 37 in 1980s were in the area of rights of women. In early 1980s, the court ruled that the New York City Employee Retirement S ystem might no longer locate specific points for gender for pension compensations and donations, and this disagreement had taken a decade to be decided. Women municipal employees who had been ordered to pay more due to their anticipated permanence were repaid some of their earlier pension donations. Another success of rights of women appeared also in mid 1980s with a case presented by DC 37 opposing the lower wages of mostly women 911 workers in the Police Department as matched up to the raised wages of men’s Fire Department workers executing comparable tusk. This successful case filed by DC 37 simplified the process of paying workers and presented equal pay for both men and women executing comparable tusk, even when the titles of their job are different. DC 37 contributed a major role in this movement and led the first demonstration in the country due to the pay equality matters; along with a successful court case in opposition to the Washington state who had won a case to p ay women low wages in their titles, but this was overruled after an appeal. Employers were forced to include gender pay equity in their new contracts and this success was mainly contributed by DC 37 (Budd and McCall 479). DC 37 continued to fight for the benefits of members that included raised protection for temporary employees, pension for workers on part-time basis, and policies directing admission of on-the-job protection risks to employees. The union went extra mile to celebrate Black History Month and acknowledged different ethnic cultures, and created a Disability Advisory Committees to address the issues of disability within and outside the union. In 1985, they participated in activities related to Women’s History Month and were engaged in national position in agreement to gay rights. Disadvantages and Challenges The drawback of being a member of United Federation of Teachers union and DC 37 is that the members have limited expressions in processes of educational inst itutions they work in and the procedures of teaching they intend to execute. They also have to contribute some money to sustain the union. Teachers’ unions available in America, especially United Federation of Teachers, are most influential and well structured in issues related to education policies and politics. However, they take advantage of their powerful position to block reforms required to advance the country’s education system through placing their emphasis on teachers instead of focusing on the children or students. Unions, sometimes, are blockages to school selection and other important policies. In all the issues that unions, such as DC 37 and American Federation of Teachers, express about students, their concerns are more to their adults and dues-paying constituencies. Teachers’ unions have been seen as big businesses handling huge finances with real political powers. United Federation of Teachers, DC 37 and other unions in the country have been grea tly contributing to political campaigns and using most of their funds to support the contenders who think they will support them later. DC 37 experienced various challenges at the end of 1990s, when surveys by Manhattan District Attorney exposed different cases of fraud within the council and its members. Particularly, very serious cases were disclosures in 1998 that top-most officials of the union had fixed an endorsement vote on the contentious 1996 contract that contained payment freezes for the opening two years. This led to restructuring of the top officials of the union after some members revealed that they were involved in the corruption case (Cannato 572). DC 37 experienced some significant challenges in 1970s as most cities were facing huge fiscal crisis, where public employees underwent decrease in benefits, wage freezes, and work termination. Regardless of these demanding periods, the council, however, was successful to go beyond the 100,000 membership mark in 1975. All t hrough history, DC 37 has dynamically held social movement unionism through connecting its efforts for better pay and benefits to other matters related with political economy and social issues. DC 37, represented by some delegation, participated in various other strikes in opposition to segregation and inequality, the council and its partners demonstrated also in opposition to the Vietnam War. Effect on Productivity and Performance in Schools Haskins (116) did research on the connection between teachers’ unions and education systems. The research concluded that teachers’ unions hamper the productivity through raising the institution inputs as they reduce the performance of the students. The existence of unions of teachers and other unions in employment sectors are likely to raise school funds and that the raised finances are dedicated to superior standard wages and reduce class sizes. Actually, the raised salaries for teachers may not raise the performance of students and quality of education. The Unions should address also the issue of performance and quality of education to portray their quality representation to both the teachers and students. Some have argued that teachers’ unions take reform control away from management, students and parents, together with exploiting the city’s resources as they only address the issues experienced by teachers. Conclusion Unions in the United States have reported significant achievements since they were established in 1950s through addressing the issues affecting teachers and other members, such as nurses and home care providers. From above discussion, we can conclude by stating that unions, such as United Federation of Teachers and DC 37, have played a significant role in resolving some issues that were traditionally experienced by employees in their workplaces, including benefits, wage increase, reduction of class sizes, and other school-related issues. There are various disadvantages faced by employees who are members of these unions. Their members have limited expressions in development in their educational institutions and the way they should teach in schools. They also contribute huge sum of money to maintain or finance the activities of these unions that they are later contributed to various political parties. Works Cited Budd, John and Brian McCall. â€Å"The Effect of Unions on the Receipt of Unemployment Insurance Benefits.† Industrial and Labor Relations Review 50 (2007): 477-491. Cannato, Vincent. The Ungovernable City. New York: Basic Books, 2002. Print. Haskins, Justin Trask. Saving America: From Global Warming to Immigration. New York: Lulu, 2007. Print. Meyer, Heinz-Dieter. â€Å"Trade, Profession or Entrepreneurs? The Market Faithful Raise Important Questions about the Future of Teacher Unions.† American Journal of Education 112 (2005): 1-7. Print. Moe, Terry. Special Interest: Teachers Unions and America’s Public Schools. Washington D C: Brookings Institution Press, 2011. Print. Wright, Carol. â€Å"Unions and Teachers: Differences in the State of the Nation.† ALSB Journal of Employment and Labor Law 10.2 (2001): 1-12. Print. This research paper on United Federation of Teachers and DC 37 was written and submitted by user Brenna Rosario to help you with your own studies. 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