The Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

     The tale The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, is about a disturbed youngster named Holden Caulfield. Holden look through his high school life, battling to discover answers to his inquiries regarding himself and his personality. Regardless of where Holden goes, as he would like to think he is encircled by fakes. They seem, by all accounts, to be wherever Holden is: his school, the lodging, the theater, and everywhere throughout the lanes of New York. The story is told from Holden’s perspective, as he tries to assemble the bits of the riddle that he calls his life.      Holden Caulfield, the principle character in the novel, is a juvenile young person. Holden is sixteen years of age, six feet two inches tall, with a team trim and rashly turning gray hair. His story starts as he is kicked out of private academy, and takes off to New York. Holden's musings and thoughts uncover a large number of his character characteristics. One late Saturday night, four days before the start of school get-away, Holden chooses to leave Pencey, his school, immediately and goes to New York via train. Once in New York, he concludes that he will remain in a modest inn until Wednesday, when he is to get back. His arrangement shows how extremely rash he is and how he follows up spontaneously. He is ridiculous, imagining that he has a secure arrangement, despite the fact that the degree of he will probably â€Å"take a room in a hotel...and simply relax till Wednesday.† This strategy demonstrates Holden’s foolishness and adolescence right off the bat in the novel.      Another impressively minor (yet still goal) expansion to the novel is Phoebe Caulfield. Holden’s more youthful sister is his primary supporter. She stays with him regardless, yet she likewise, be that as it may, isn't hesitant to chasten Holden for his blunders. Despite the fact that Phoebe is simply a little youngster, she comprehends Holden, here and there more than he does. â€Å"Old Phoebe didn’t state anything, however she was listening.... she generally listens when you reveal to her something. What's more, the entertaining part is she knows, a fraction of the time, what the heck you’re discussing. She truly does.† (167) Phoebe is a moment token of joy to Holden, and each choice he makes rotates some way or another around the sister he adores to such an extent.  â â â â Holden Caulfield, from the start, seems, by all accounts, to be having a contention with society, however, upon closer assessment, we see that he is genuinely just at war with himself.

Reflective Account Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Intelligent Account - Essay Example 3. Summed up investigation and gaining - moving endlessly from the particular model, what did this raise about how the chipping practically speaking and hypothesis identify with one another all the more for the most part (for example did a discussion raise any issues about the strategies utilized by the organization? or on the other hand about working expertly? or then again did the gathering or movement raise issues about strategy or frameworks or methods?) The discussion truly caused me to comprehend the significance of chipping by and by as an extension between hypothetical work and practice. The school urges educators to be exceptionally near the one of a kind needs of understudies. The instructors are required to follow up on the student’s needs in habits that rouse and empower restored vitality. This was one case summoned me to put myself as the educator in the shoes of the understudy in Oder to comprehend her situation and act basically suitably. Following the discussion I saw the need to development and help rouse the understudy in order to assist her with building up a superior mental self portrait in spite of the circumstance. My subsequent will include helping the young lady receive systems that assist her with transforming her circumstance into a chance to exceed expectations in her scholastic and general life. In future as a component of my learning and improvement I will be progressively cautious cut dealing with students from various social, social and monetary foundations. These are factors influencing conduct and correspondence among students and as an educator I should be progressively proactive and socially

How Extinction Is Defined in Psychology

How Extinction Is Defined in Psychology Theories Behavioral Psychology Print How Extinction Is Defined in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 25, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 06, 2019 Shestock / Blend Images / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology What could cause a person or animal to stop engaging in a previously conditioned behavior? Extinction is one explanation. In psychology, extinction refers to the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing. In other words, the conditioned behavior eventually stops. For example, imagine that you taught your dog to shake hands. Over time, the trick became less interesting. You stop rewarding the behavior and eventually stop asking your dog to shake. Eventually, the response becomes extinct, and your dog no longer displays the behavior. Causes of Extinction and When It Occurs In classical conditioning, when a conditioned stimulus is presented alone without an unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response will eventually cease. For example, in Pavlovs classic experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell. When the bell was repeatedly presented without the presentation of food, the salivation response eventually became extinct. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when a response is no longer reinforced following a discriminative stimulus. B. F. Skinner described how he first observed this phenomenon: My first extinction curve showed up by accident. A rat was pressing the lever in an experiment on satiation when the pellet dispenser jammed. I was not there at the time, and when I returned I found a beautiful curve. The rat had gone on pressing although no pellets were received.... The change was more orderly than the extinction of a salivary reflex in Pavlovs setting, and I was terribly excited. It was a Friday afternoon and there was no one in the laboratory who I could tell. All that weekend I crossed streets with particular care and avoided all unnecessary risks to protect my discovery from loss through my accidental death. Examples of Extinction Lets take a closer look at a few more examples of extinction. Imagine that a researcher has trained a lab rat to press a key to receive a food pellet. What happens when the researcher stops delivering the food? While extinction will not occur immediately, it will after time. If the rat continues to press the key but does not get the pellet, the behavior will eventually dwindle until it disappears entirely. Conditioned taste aversions can also be affected by extinction. Imagine that you ate some ice cream right before getting sick and throwing it up. As a result, you developed a taste aversion to ice cream and avoided eating it, even though it was formerly one of your favorite foods. One way to overcome this reluctance would be to expose yourself to ice cream, even if just the thought of eating it made you feel a little queasy. You might start by taking just a few small tastes over and over again. As you continued to eat the food without getting sick, your conditioned aversion would eventually diminish. Extinction Doesnt Mean Its Gone Forever If the conditioned response is no longer displayed, does that really mean that its gone forever? In his research on classical conditioning, Pavlov found that when extinction occurs, it doesnt mean that the subject returns to their unconditioned state. Allowing several hours or even days to elapse after a response has been extinguished can result in spontaneous recovery of the response. Spontaneous recovery refers to the sudden reappearance of a previously extinct response. In his research on operant conditioning, Skinner discovered that how and when a behavior is reinforced could influence how resistant it was to extinction. He found that a partial schedule of reinforcement (reinforcing a behavior only part of the time) helped reduce the chances of extinction. Rather than reinforcing the behavior each and every time it occurs, the reinforcement is given only after a certain amount of time has elapsed or a certain number of responses have occurred. This sort of partial schedule results in behavior that is stronger and more resistant to extinction.   Factors That May Influence Extinction A number of factors can influence how resistant a behavior is to extinction. The strength of the original conditioning can play an important role. The longer the conditioning has taken place and the magnitude of the conditioned response may make the response more resistant to extinction. Behaviors that are very well established may become almost impervious to extinction and may continue to be displayed even after the reinforcement has been removed altogether. Some research has suggested that habituation may play a role in extinction as well. For example, repeated exposure to a conditioned stimulus may eventually lead you to become used to it, or habituated. Because you have become habituated to the conditioned stimulus, you are more likely to ignore it and its less likely to elicit a response, eventually leading to the extinction of the conditioned behavior. Personality factors might also play a role in extinction. One study found that children who were more anxious were slower to habituate to a sound. As a result, their fear response to the sound was slower to become extinct than non-anxious children.

Writing Greek Letters on the Computer

If you write anything scientific or mathematical on the internet, you will quickly find the need for several special characters that are not readily available on your keyboard. ASCII characters for  HTML  allow you to include many characters that dont appear on an English keyboard, including the  Greek alphabet. To make the correct character appear on the page, start with an ampersand () and a pound sign (#), followed by a three-digit number, and ending with a semicolon (;). Creating Greek Letters This table contains  many Greek letters  but not all of them. It only contains uppercase and lowercase letters that are not available on a keyboard. For  example, you can type the capital alpha (A) in Greek  with a regular capital  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹A  because these letters look the same in Greek and English. You can also use the code #913 or Alpha. The results are the same. Not all symbols are supported by all browsers. Check before you publish. You may need to add the following bit of code in the head part of your HTML document: meta http-equivcontent-type contenttext/html; charsetutf-8 HTML Codes for Greek Letters Character Displayed HTML Code capital gamma Γ #915; or Gamma; capital delta Δ #916; or Delta; capital theta ÃŽËœ #920; or Theta; capital lambda Λ #923; or Lamda; capital xi Ξ #926; or Xi; capital pi ÃŽ   #928; or Pi; capital sigma ÃŽ £ #931; or Sigma; capital phi ÃŽ ¦ #934; or Phi; capital psi ÃŽ ¨ #936; or Psi; capital omega ÃŽ © #937; or Omega; small alpha ÃŽ ± #945; or alpha; small beta ÃŽ ² #946; or beta; small gamma ÃŽ ³ #947; or gamma; small delta ÃŽ ´ #948; or delta; small epsilon ÃŽ µ #949; or epsilon; small zeta ÃŽ ¶ #950; or zeta; small eta ÃŽ · #951; or zeta; small theta ÃŽ ¸ #952; or theta; small iota ÃŽ ¹ #953; or iota; small kappa ÃŽ º #954; or kappa; small lamda ÃŽ » #955; or lambda; small mu ÃŽ ¼ #956; or mu; small nu ÃŽ ½ #957; or nu; small xi ÃŽ ¾ #958; or xi; small pi Ï€ #960; or pi; small rho Ï  #961; or rho; small sigma ÏÆ' #963; or sigma; small tau Ï„ #964; or tau; small upsilon Ï… #965; or upsilon; small phi φ #966; or phi; small chi χ #967; or chi; small psi ψ #968; or psi; small omega ω #969; or omega; Alt Codes for Greek Letters You can also use Alt codes—also called quick codes,  quick keys, or keyboard shortcuts—to create Greek letters, as displayed in the  table below, which was adapted from the website  Useful Shortcuts. To create any of these Greek letters using the Alt codes, simply press the Alt key while simultaneously typing the listed number. For example, to create the Greek letter Alpha (ÃŽ ±), press the Alt key and type 224 using the keypad at the right side of your keyboard. (Do not use the numbers at the top of the keyboard located above the letter keys, as they will not work for creating Greek letters.) Character Displayed Alt Code Alpha ÃŽ ± Alt 225 Beta ÃŽ ² Alt 225 Gamma Γ Alt 226 Delta ÃŽ ´ Alt 235 Epsilon ÃŽ µ Alt 238 Theta ÃŽËœ Alt 233 Pi Ï€ Alt 227 Mu  µ Alt 230 Uppercase Sigma ÃŽ £ Alt 228 Lowercase Sigma ÏÆ' Alt 229 Tau Ï„ Alt 231 Uppercase Phi ÃŽ ¦ Alt 232 Lowercase Phi φ Alt 237 Omega ÃŽ © Alt 234 History of the Greek Alphabet The Greek alphabet went through several changes over the centuries. Before the fifth century B.C., there were two similar Greek alphabets, the Ionic and Chalcidian. The Chalcidian alphabet may have been the forerunner of the Etruscan alphabet and, later, the Latin alphabet. It is the Latin alphabet that forms the basis of most European alphabets. Meanwhile, Athens adopted the Ionic alphabet; as a result, it is still used in modern Greece. While the original Greek alphabet was written in all capitals, three different scripts were created to make it easier to write quickly. These include uncial, a system for connecting capital letters, as well as the more familiar cursive and minuscule. Minuscule is the basis for modern Greek handwriting. Why You Should Know the Greek Alphabet Even if you never plan to learn Greek, there are good reasons to familiarize yourself with the alphabet. Mathematics and science use Greek letters like pi (Ï€) to complement the numeric symbols. Sigma in its capital form (ÃŽ £) can stand for sum, while the uppercase letter delta (Δ) can mean  change. The Greek alphabet is also central to the study of theology. For example, the Greek used in the Bible—called  Koine (or common) Greek—is different than  modern Greek. Koine Greek was the language used by writers of the Old Testament Greek Septuagint  (the earliest existing Greek translation of the Old Testament) and the Greek New Testament, according to an article titled The Greek Alphabet published on the website  BibleScripture.net. So, many theologians need to study ancient Greek to get closer to the original biblical text. Having ways to quickly produce Greek letters using HTML or keyboard shortcuts makes this process much easier. Additionally, Greek letters are used to designate fraternities, sororities, and philanthropic organizations. Some books in English are also numbered using the letters of the Greek alphabet. Sometimes, both lowercase and capitals are employed for simplification. Thus, you may find that the books of the Iliad are written Α to ÃŽ © and those of the Odyssey, ÃŽ ± to ω.

The Number One Article on Easy Exploratory Essay Topics

The Number One Article on Easy Exploratory Essay Topics With that said, before you begin to publish an exploratory problem, you might not be in a position to keep the opinions nice and rich. Since you can notice, many of the topics mentioned in the above mentioned list focus do not own a definite answer. In addition, it's important to settle on a topic which you're interested in because it is going to provide you a chance to inform the world about the issues you genuinely care about. Selecting the most suitable topic plays a terrific part in writing and, as a consequence, in getting a great grade. It would likewise be great if you introduced your own advice on the way the issue you're studying can be solved. A great deal of students think about the conclusion to be the simplest portion of the paper. Sometimes, when asked to select this issue by themselves, college students might feel somewhat frustrated. The next factor to consider is how the writing process ought to be handled so as to create an ideal paper. It's possible to take a look at a plethora of samples readily available online and even opt for the writers that agree with your needs. You can trust the ideal essay help online. If you have issues with writing, it is also possible to take a look at our guides and samples for aid. So now you are aware of how to pick a very good topic for your essay. Find relevant and trustworthy sources of information which you will use in your essay. An exploratory essay is simply not as fundamental as you might have at first believed. Especially, if it's an exploratory essay . Your exploration ought to be well-directed. Exploratory essays are interesting academic assignments due to the fact that they differ from different types. Developing a stable exploratory essay intro is genuinely a very tricky undertaking. After the research on the finest exploratory essay topic ideas is completed, think of the structure of your upcoming essay. Together with the UK Essay Help undergraduates find it impossible to be worried about the time but delight in a complete life. Learn what things to begin with, some frequent topics. Revision is an important portion of the writing procedure, and you're encouraged to compose several drafts of your assignments. What You Should Do to Find Out About Easy Exploratory Essay Topics Before You're Left Behind Clearly, the very first thing you must know is what an exploratory essay is. The most suitable choice selection is about discovering a perfect idea for your exploratory essay writing. All you have to do is to work hard to collect information, analyze this, and check each source before you commence putting all intriguing ideas together in your exploratory essay. The very best thing about us is that each and every time you can buy original essay papers for sale. If you decide on an idea but find you can't compose a paper by yourself, you can merely buy argumentative essay on the website. Our site enables you to obtain a correct topic from our lists, and argumentative essay examples. Our site is just one of the most appropriate for essay help. The previous point to do before starting to compose an essay is to produce its outline. Read about a few tips expert writers can give when one should compose a scholarship essay. In many cases, it can be put into the debut, presenting just what the writer looks for to accomplish. The writing document is much more challenging. You desire a focused topic that will create a very good paper. To make it even easier, we'll advise on how best to select the best topic for your paper. If you're fighting to get a topic for your research paper, utilize the presented suggestions. Free research paper sample may also be availed on the exact website if you aren't sure in regards to the quality given to you by assignments writers. Also, make certain that you have carefully read all the guides and rubrics in order for your paper will meet all the needed requirements. Response journals won't be accepted late. They will not be accepted late, but they may be sent electronically.

Relational Database Management System (Dbms) Free Essays

Running head: TERM PROJECT Term Project and Proposal Name: University: Course: Date of submission: Abstract Business corporations often require summarized pieces of data in the form of pivot tables for efficient and strategic decision-making. However, the use of pivot tables poses certain data storage problems especially in the light of the need to have the formulas stored with data. This paper presents one data storage situation where using pivot tables for summarizing data was unsuitable because the storage was done using a Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet, stored in XLS format. We will write a custom essay sample on Relational Database Management System (Dbms) or any similar topic only for you Order Now The project purposes to implement the data storage using a database management system, in this case, Microsoft Access to address the problem Purpose and goal of this project To develop an improved data storage system using Microsoft Access 2010 as the Relational Database Management System (DBMS) that would make generation of Pivot Tables and charts easy while proving other benefits to the business. The database will replace the Microsoft XLS file format for storing the data and the benefit of database normalization will be realized. This includes reduced data redundancy and enhanced manipulation of data for decision-making and presentation. Users and Administrators The database system shall have many users. The database administrator, known as DBA in short, will carry the tasks of managing and supporting the database system through giving access rights to other users, acquisition of database resources, and coordination and monitoring of the users of the database. The actual developer or designer of this database would identify what important data needs to be stored in the database system, and select the appropriate database structures for representing the data in a relational model. The end users mainly query, generate reports, and update the database. This is where the sales manager belongs. We may also have parametric end users who depend on pre-programmed tools for committing certain transactions using the database. This would be users like cashiers. Current data storage implementation A sales manager had stored some useful sales data in a spreadsheet format and wanted help on creating summary data and visual representation using charts. According to the sales manager, pivot tables could do the summary he needed but could not work out exactly how to achieve this. He used conditional formatting to ensure that cell backgrounds are automatically colored based on the input values. He ensured that when an employee worked away from the office, he entered wa in the column for that employee on that day. When an employee worked at home, he entered wh, and when he/she was off-duty, he entered o against that employee. The problem with this data storage is that each employee is set up in a manner that one of the three statuses (o, wa, or wh) could be entered per day. Of course, this appears convenient enough for rapid data entry and pointing out the status of each staff each date. Nevertheless, this approach leaves each employee acting as an independent variable instead of varying values or classes of the variable Employee. The storage, for instance, disregards Al, Clara, or Joel as the Employee entity, not both. This is similar to storing data in a report generated from a database instead of storing such data in a database table. Consequently, this poses a challenge when attempting to summarize data by means of just one pivot table. This means the values for one employee do not relate to the other employee. Even though it is possible to distinguish two employees, more than two employees represent a challenge in understanding their statuses and making summaries using a pivot table. Using a database to improve the process To develop an improved data storage system, we would store this data in one of the popular relational databases such as Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, or MySQL database management system. It would then become easier for the sales manager (user) to produce the desired pivot table and consequently the needed summary data to aid decision-making. This paper implements the solution using Microsoft Access 2007. In this case, the table would have each Employee with the values such as Al and Clara, the Date with values like 1/05/2011, and the Status with values o, wh, and wa. This would result in several records per day but each record would represent only one Employee. With this form of normalization, it is possible and plain to create the desired pivot table. In fact, pivot tables generated from this normalized data would be able to answer questions like â€Å"which employee worked away on a certain day of the month? Unfortunately, though, this data is stored in a way that the user would not be able to see or even use it at times. There are many benefits of using a database over spreadsheets for storing this kind of data. The following is a list of some of these benefits to the sales business and users: * Database management systems provide for restricted access to * Databases help reduce or avoid data storage redundancy * Per sistent storage of data structures and useful program objects like queries and reports * Databases help enforce referential and standards Databases help in representing sophisticated relationship among vast amounts of data * DBMS provide for database backup and recovery Data elements to be involved: entities and attributes This database system will center on capturing employee details with respect to whether they worked on a certain day or not, and if they did work, in which mode. The database will have each record represent a certain employee every day / date. The key table entities would be Employee, Date, and Status. Contents of that table may include Employee Number, Employee name, Employment Date, Age, Gender, Contacts, Job Title, Department, and Retirement Age. These two tables would be helpful in producing the required information the sales manager needs for this project: to know who worked on what data and the mode of working. In addition, this would help to know who took leave when and how many employees took off in a certain day or month for instance. This database would have so much but we restrict ourselves to Employee related details for the purposes of meeting the desired goal. The database platform The chosen database platform is Microsoft Access 2010 mainly because this is a simple but powerful platform for rapid prototyping of this project. It provides most of the functionalities enterprise level systems like Oracle provide and perhaps at higher levels it may be necessary to upgrade the database to Oracle, SQL Server, or MySQL. Database normalization and design of actual tables The process of database normalization deals with functional dependency issues in the design of a database. Normalisation aims at avoiding three anomalises: insertion, update, and deletion that any database may face. There are several normal forms but the first three are the most important. In this context, the Employee details regarding department and status of work are independent entities and require separate tables. This gives the first normal form. When every field is properly placed in such a manner that the fields in a single table directly depend on the primary key, this gives the second normal form. This is the level this project attained. The following are the key fields that would perhaps belong to a single table under the un-normalized form: tblEmployee EmployeeID (PK Integer) FirstName LastName Department Date WorkStatus The first normal form would eliminate recurring values such as WorkStatus and Department column. The results in having two separate tables for recording employee details and attendance details as follows: tblEmployee EmployeeID (PK Integer) FirstName LastName tblAttendance AttendanceID (PK Autonumber) Date WorkStatus tblDepartment (PK Number) DeptID DeptName The following Entity Relationship Model shows the interrelationship between the three table objects: Employee, Department, and Attendance. There are three primary keys and two foreign keys. The primary key for table Department is labeled DeptID for uniquely identifying each department. The field takes a maximum of one digit (1 – 9) hoping the company does not have more than 9 departments. The field is auto-increment meaning it is auto-generated during registration of a department. The EmpID is the primary key for Employee entity and is Text with five digits e. g. 10874. The last primary key is the AttendanceID, which is auto-increment. The DeptID in tblEmployee is a foreign key to link tblEmployee with tblDepartment. EmpID in tblAttendance is also a foreign key for association with tblEmployee. This way, all the three tables are related and referential integrity and update integrity enforced. For the test data entered, the following pivot table employs filters based on the mode of working â€Å"wa†, â€Å"wh†, or â€Å"O’†. Filtering by â€Å"wa† gives: Moreover, a query that displays every aspect of an employee by joining the three tables is show hereunder: Documentation Double click the file â€Å"Employee Attendance DB. accdb† to open the database (Note: file opens with Microsoft Excel 2007/2010 only]. You may have to click on Options button that appear at the Toolbars section and choose â€Å"Enable† to run the application. Double click any of the objects to begin interacting with the object (Table, Query, or Form). To use a form to input data, double click the form and click right arrow key button at the lower section of the form labeled â€Å"Next Record† to add a new record. Clicking this button again saves the existing record. The navigation tool is shown hereunder: This is a simple database system but caters for the needs of the sales manager in checking the attendance of the employees working in the department by using the query â€Å"qryAllDetails† to generate a Pivot table showing the attendance of employees in the Sales department only, for instance. This is achieved by double-clicking the query right-clicking on the tab representing the open query selecting PivotTableView Selecting the appropriate fields from the PivotTable Field List by double-clicking them and finally selecting â€Å"Sales† using the list-box under the heading â€Å"DeptName† in the generated PivotTable. There is much more power in using this database than is possible using Excel. References Maletsky, J. Rafael, S. (2008). Microsoft Access 2007 Analyze Data with Pivot Tables. 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United Federation of Teachers and DC 37

Introduction Unions are legally formed to serve as the voices of all workers in New York City or entire country. They act as representatives of public and private employees in several industries in the United States. Their main aim centers on cooperative negotiations in issues related to wage increase, workers’ benefits and better working conditions for their members and addressing other issues like disputes with administration about infringement of contract conditions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on United Federation of Teachers and DC 37 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most unions in the United States are adjusted to one of two major unions, Change to Win Federation and AFL-CIO that was legally formed in 1955. These two unions represent or bargain guidelines and legislation as they represent employees in America and contribute a major part in the country’s politics (Moe 66). The paper d iscusses the achievements of United Federation of Teachers (UFT) and District Council (DC 37), as well as their challenges and shortcomings that are involved in their membership. United Federation of Teachers has played a huge part in addressing the rights of teachers and nurses in New York City. Since its formation in 1960s, it has solved several issues related to educational matters, such as wage increase, workers’ benefits, and currently the reduction in class sizes. They also take part in the political affairs through financing most campaign activities. Some critics have stated that American teachers’ unions undermine the performance and productivity of schools through disregarding the issues related to students, management, and parents, while serving as a voice for teachers. Some studies have reported that increase in teachers’ wages does not improve the productivity and performance of students and schools in general. DC 37 has played an important part in m atters of women’s rights and equal pay among all employees in public sectors. United Federation of Teachers (UFT) Since 1960s, the management of United Federation of Teachers (UFT) has ensured that it portrays itself as union of expertise that exercises the rights and privileges of its members. UFT serves as a voice of more than 200,000 teachers, home daycare employees and nurses in New York City and consider that children are worth of secure schools, provision of social and health requirements, and appropriate instructions from the teachers and the government. In 2005, there were around 18,000 paraprofessionals and 120,000 in-serves teachers in United Federation of Teachers, together with around 55,000 retired teachers and other participants. At the end of 2007, 28,250 home daycare employees selected to be part of the union, making the sum number of members to go by the 200,000 mark (Moe 66).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help y ou! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Achievements UFT was very active in decreasing the size of classrooms and directly intended and led to advanced teaching arrangement and system which permitted for professional association and teaching background. The union was also powerful in legalizing charter school acceptance policy to guarantee an unbiased assessment application procedure. Currently, the union is in opposition to merit pay for its members and favoring seniority-based payment, but became involved in 2007 in approving a voluntary incentive system for performing schools with higher population and greater requirements. The United Federation of Teachers does not favor a recommended reform of the seniority-based LIFO (education) policy. The union powerfully supports the lessening of class sizes for every grade stage and subjects in all public schools in New York City to provide quality and standardize education program. In 2005, in the contract negotiations, the United Federation of Teachers effectively included language to the agreement that precisely safeguard teachers from experiencing penalty due to the planning of the classroom furniture, the arrangement of the bulletin boards, and finally the precise length of lesson units. Annually, the union provides scholarship opportunities to undergraduate and graduates and around $1 million are awarded to these students according to their academic achievements and inability to finance their college expenses. In 2011, 250 high school graduates were awarded $5,000 each to gather for their higher education expenses (Haskins 116). United Federation of Teachers has embarked to start charter schools of their own and there are some reasons why they want to begin this process. United Federation of Teachers claims that Charter schools permit teachers to innovate and experiment in approaches that are complex in common government schools. Charter schools operators are aware that their members have the privilege to create unions if they consider it important since organized and prepared teachers can produce valuable partnerships. In the 1980s and 1990s, the lobar and civil rights which had experienced destruction and set backs during 1960s and 1970s were restructured as labor unions that came together to address the issues of quality and acceptable education for every student, standard class sizes, and provision of safety nets to families.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on United Federation of Teachers and DC 37 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The United Federation of Teachers was an active follower of landmark school aid court case recorded by the Campaign for Fiscal Equity in 1993, an alliance of education activists and parents who were concerned about the welfare of their children. The legal clash resulted in a decision forcing the state to offer not less than $2 billion above the normal in educatio nal funding to public schools around New York City (Meyer 3). Another field of which the United Federation of Teachers has shown well-built relationship with its structured members and has achieved its goals is with the Municipal Labor committee. This committee is an affiliate alliance for government employee unions that serve as a negotiating representative for health coverage with the New York City. In 2011, the health insurance bargained for domestic daycare providers, who are members of United Federation of Teachers, in their initial contract with the city and will soon come to action. Family care providers are expected to obtain health coverage under the UFT Family Health Plus system, this is a health coverage project funded by New York City and provided completely to providers of United Federation of Teachers under health coverage of EmblemHealth. Other than health benefits provided through this plan, providers engaging in this program will also obtain an influential medical a dvocate that will be under the United Federation of Teachers. Often, bargaining the medical coverage arrangement is challenging and this is the reason the union is regularly examining the UFT Health Care Plus plan keenly are prepared and accessible always to support every member in it who considers that he has not received or his rights are limited (Wright 4). The benefits provided through this program are wide-ranging containing dental and inpatient hospital, specialty, and primary care, together with prescription medicine insurance to their members who need these services. Remarkably, and regardless of the direct allocating of $700 million to decrease class size and significant projects of the community by United Federation of Teachers and its new alliance parties, the sizes of classes in the government schools in the city really improved in the years after obtaining this sum of money. Incensed, the union filed a case against the New York City DOE for not utilizing the funds alloc ated by the state to decrease the class sizes (Meyer 3). The UFT applied the court case to inform the people, especially the parents, about the inability of City Administration to utilize taxpayers’ monies appropriately. The initial rulings in the lawsuit, during the mid 2010, were showing positive potentials.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The first achievement of UFT was in 1969 when they successfully won the privilege to represent around 11,000 government school paraprofessionals in the state of New York. Even though different AFT (America Federation of Teachers) locals had served as the voice of most librarians, school nurses, and other members of education structure, the United Federation of Teachers election officially inaugurated the first main growth into non-teaching staff (Wright 4). DC 37 Launched in 1944, District council 37 (DC 37) has expanded from union of not more than a thousand members in the state’s health care, business, and parks to the national biggest union of government workers, with above 130, 000 employees participating in state’s cultural and agencies organizations. In 2005, the officials of DC 37 wrote to the mayor addressing the challenges that the members of DC 37 are undergoing. Working jointly with the mayor, and some banks, DC 37 generated the MEHP, the earliest and the gr eatest widespread labor-sponsored reasonable priced housing projects among all other states. With the help of DC 37, the members received mortgage and the union housing plans provided comprehensive services, which includes mortgages, development loans, and other services for the city employees who are experiencing shortage of housing. The members of the union can qualify for the funds and mortgage support to buy co-ops, second home within the city, and even condos. In November 2010, DC 37 started contract bargains with the New York City for a new economic accord and has examined the budget of the city and revealed the intensive contracting-out misuse and corruption. For instance CityTime, along with the policy of the city, did not intentionally receive particular taxes and charges to which it is warranted. Some of the major important activities executed by DC 37 in 1980s were in the area of rights of women. In early 1980s, the court ruled that the New York City Employee Retirement S ystem might no longer locate specific points for gender for pension compensations and donations, and this disagreement had taken a decade to be decided. Women municipal employees who had been ordered to pay more due to their anticipated permanence were repaid some of their earlier pension donations. Another success of rights of women appeared also in mid 1980s with a case presented by DC 37 opposing the lower wages of mostly women 911 workers in the Police Department as matched up to the raised wages of men’s Fire Department workers executing comparable tusk. This successful case filed by DC 37 simplified the process of paying workers and presented equal pay for both men and women executing comparable tusk, even when the titles of their job are different. DC 37 contributed a major role in this movement and led the first demonstration in the country due to the pay equality matters; along with a successful court case in opposition to the Washington state who had won a case to p ay women low wages in their titles, but this was overruled after an appeal. Employers were forced to include gender pay equity in their new contracts and this success was mainly contributed by DC 37 (Budd and McCall 479). DC 37 continued to fight for the benefits of members that included raised protection for temporary employees, pension for workers on part-time basis, and policies directing admission of on-the-job protection risks to employees. The union went extra mile to celebrate Black History Month and acknowledged different ethnic cultures, and created a Disability Advisory Committees to address the issues of disability within and outside the union. In 1985, they participated in activities related to Women’s History Month and were engaged in national position in agreement to gay rights. Disadvantages and Challenges The drawback of being a member of United Federation of Teachers union and DC 37 is that the members have limited expressions in processes of educational inst itutions they work in and the procedures of teaching they intend to execute. They also have to contribute some money to sustain the union. Teachers’ unions available in America, especially United Federation of Teachers, are most influential and well structured in issues related to education policies and politics. However, they take advantage of their powerful position to block reforms required to advance the country’s education system through placing their emphasis on teachers instead of focusing on the children or students. Unions, sometimes, are blockages to school selection and other important policies. In all the issues that unions, such as DC 37 and American Federation of Teachers, express about students, their concerns are more to their adults and dues-paying constituencies. Teachers’ unions have been seen as big businesses handling huge finances with real political powers. United Federation of Teachers, DC 37 and other unions in the country have been grea tly contributing to political campaigns and using most of their funds to support the contenders who think they will support them later. DC 37 experienced various challenges at the end of 1990s, when surveys by Manhattan District Attorney exposed different cases of fraud within the council and its members. Particularly, very serious cases were disclosures in 1998 that top-most officials of the union had fixed an endorsement vote on the contentious 1996 contract that contained payment freezes for the opening two years. This led to restructuring of the top officials of the union after some members revealed that they were involved in the corruption case (Cannato 572). DC 37 experienced some significant challenges in 1970s as most cities were facing huge fiscal crisis, where public employees underwent decrease in benefits, wage freezes, and work termination. Regardless of these demanding periods, the council, however, was successful to go beyond the 100,000 membership mark in 1975. All t hrough history, DC 37 has dynamically held social movement unionism through connecting its efforts for better pay and benefits to other matters related with political economy and social issues. DC 37, represented by some delegation, participated in various other strikes in opposition to segregation and inequality, the council and its partners demonstrated also in opposition to the Vietnam War. Effect on Productivity and Performance in Schools Haskins (116) did research on the connection between teachers’ unions and education systems. The research concluded that teachers’ unions hamper the productivity through raising the institution inputs as they reduce the performance of the students. The existence of unions of teachers and other unions in employment sectors are likely to raise school funds and that the raised finances are dedicated to superior standard wages and reduce class sizes. Actually, the raised salaries for teachers may not raise the performance of students and quality of education. The Unions should address also the issue of performance and quality of education to portray their quality representation to both the teachers and students. Some have argued that teachers’ unions take reform control away from management, students and parents, together with exploiting the city’s resources as they only address the issues experienced by teachers. Conclusion Unions in the United States have reported significant achievements since they were established in 1950s through addressing the issues affecting teachers and other members, such as nurses and home care providers. From above discussion, we can conclude by stating that unions, such as United Federation of Teachers and DC 37, have played a significant role in resolving some issues that were traditionally experienced by employees in their workplaces, including benefits, wage increase, reduction of class sizes, and other school-related issues. There are various disadvantages faced by employees who are members of these unions. Their members have limited expressions in development in their educational institutions and the way they should teach in schools. They also contribute huge sum of money to maintain or finance the activities of these unions that they are later contributed to various political parties. Works Cited Budd, John and Brian McCall. â€Å"The Effect of Unions on the Receipt of Unemployment Insurance Benefits.† Industrial and Labor Relations Review 50 (2007): 477-491. Cannato, Vincent. The Ungovernable City. New York: Basic Books, 2002. Print. Haskins, Justin Trask. Saving America: From Global Warming to Immigration. New York: Lulu, 2007. Print. Meyer, Heinz-Dieter. â€Å"Trade, Profession or Entrepreneurs? The Market Faithful Raise Important Questions about the Future of Teacher Unions.† American Journal of Education 112 (2005): 1-7. Print. Moe, Terry. Special Interest: Teachers Unions and America’s Public Schools. Washington D C: Brookings Institution Press, 2011. Print. Wright, Carol. â€Å"Unions and Teachers: Differences in the State of the Nation.† ALSB Journal of Employment and Labor Law 10.2 (2001): 1-12. Print. This research paper on United Federation of Teachers and DC 37 was written and submitted by user Brenna Rosario to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Depuis vs Il y a

Depuis vs Il y a The French temporal expressions depuis and il y a have distinctly different meanings and uses, yet they often present difficulties for French students. Here is a detailed explanation and comparison of depuis and il y a to help you clearly understand the difference once and for all. Depuis Depuis, meaning for or since, can be used in the present or past in order to express an action that began in the past and continued to the temporal reference point used in the sentence: either the present or some point in the past. Depuis is thus used for actions that were incomplete at the referenced time, and can refer to two different kinds of time: 1) When followed by a period of time, depuis indicates the duration of an action and is equivalent to have been -ing (perfect progressive) for*   Ã‚  Ã‚  Nous attendons depuis une heure.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weve been waiting for an hour.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il parle depuis 5 minutes.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hes been speaking for 5 minutes.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il travaillait depuis 10 jours quand je lai vu.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hed been working for 10 days when I saw him.2) When followed by an event or point in time, depuis indicates the start time of an action and is translated in English by have -en/-ed (perfect tense) since/for  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je suis malade depuis mon arrivà ©e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ive been sick since I got here.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il à ©tait fà ¢chà © depuis lannonce, mais maintenant...  Ã‚  Ã‚  He had been angry since the announcement, but now...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Depuis hier, je suis dà ©primà ©e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ive been depressed since yesterday.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il ne fume pas depuis un an.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He hasnt smoked for a year. Il y a Il y a means ago and can only be used for things that are already completed. The verb in the sentence must be in the past and il y a must be followed by some reference to time.**  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je suis arrivà ©e il y a une heure.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I arrived an hour ago.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a parlà © il y a 5 minutes.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He spoke 5 minutes ago.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a travaillà © il y a 10 jours.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He worked 10 days ago.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jà ©tais malade il y a une semaine.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was sick a week ago.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il y a deux jours, jai vu un chat noir.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two days ago, I saw a black cat.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai dà ©mà ©nagà © ici il y a longtemps.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I moved here a long time ago.*Il y a ... que, à §a fait ... que , and voil ... que are informal equivalents for the first use of depuis  - they mean have been doing for a certain amount of time.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il y a cinq ans que jhabite ici.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ive been living here for five years.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒâ€¡a fait deux heures que nous a ttendons.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weve been waiting for two hours.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Voil six mois que je travaille avec Marc.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ive been working with Marc for six months.**Voil can also replace il y a, informally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Il est parti voil deux heures.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He left two hours ago. Summary Ago Have -ed for/since Have been -ing for Depuis vs. Il y a il y a depuis depuis Informal synonyms voil il y a que, a fait que, voil que French verb tense past present or past present Reference to time period of time point in time period of time Type of action completed continuing continuing

Using Conversion Psychology To Get Results With Joanna Wiebe

Using Conversion Psychology To Get Results With Joanna Wiebe Copywriting can happen anywhere from blogs to cereal boxes. It includes the whole world of marketing words. Conversion copywriting helps businesses build their business. Conversion copywriting is about getting people to say â€Å"Yes† and generating more leads and buyers. It measures results to see if something converted or not. Today, we’re talking to Joanna Wiebe, a conversion copywriter, creator of Copy Hackers, and co-founder of Airstory. She is an absolute authority on copywriting and conversions. Some of the highlights of the show include: What makes people say, â€Å"Yes?† Whether it is clicking or trying something. There are different formulas you can use for this goal. Ask customers, â€Å"What was going on in your life that brought you to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Then, you can identify their motivation. If you put a button on a Web page, people will click it because it is there. Lots of things will move people to click, but rarely lead to conversions. Stages of Awareness: Unaware, Pain Aware, Solution Aware, Product Aware, and Most Aware. Persuasion techniques are typically triggers used at the late stages in hope that you will make people buy. â€Å"Don’t put pressure on poor, little button.† It’s going to get clicked, but don’t put too many fancy marketing tricks within it. Where does it go? What will it say? Push best people to the most highly optimized button. There’s buttons for Calls to Value or Calls to Action. A Call to Action button is to tell the user exactly what you want them to do. For example, Download Ebook or Complete Purchase. A Calls to Value button regards why a customer is performing an action and completes the phrase, â€Å"I want to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Change your button approach depending on the type of medium you are using. It depends on the context for an action or engagement. Map out actions based on context and location email, Website, blog, etc. Map Calls to Action to move customers to the next stage of awareness. Powered by PodcastMotor Actionable Content Marketing powered by By AMP080: How To Use Conversion Psychology To Get Better Results With Joanna Wiebe From Copyhackers 00:00/00:00 1x 100 > Download file Subscribe on iTunes Leave Review Share Links: 10X Marketing Formula by Garrett Moon Copyhackers Airstory Google Analytics Breakthrough Advertising by Eugene Schwartz Intuit Aaron Orendorff MarketingExperiments Robert Cialdini’s Persuasion Techniques AMP on iTunes leave a review and send screenshot to podcast@.com If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Joanna Wiebe: â€Å"It wasn’t the digital atmosphere we have today in marketing where everything, everything gets measured.† â€Å"The real thing is we want to convert. We want more leads and we want more buyers. That’s what conversion copywriting is about.† â€Å"We can’t do a lot of motivating with copy, but you can take someone’s motivation and turn it into something.† â€Å"People want to click things. Mostly because they just want to move through life and get their problems solved.†

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 10

Research paper - Essay Example Therefore, the given paper will examine some of the public and official responses, as well as some of the most important applications on human cloning, and its potential promises. Firstly, the two major cloning techniques will be analyzed in order to understand what cloning involves, and clarify the meaning of the term itself. Secondly, various opinions about the issues, moral and ethical problems it evokes will be presented and analyzed in order to clarify the fact that cloning is not actually immoral or unethical, as many prefer to claim. Cell mass division is the only technique that has been used on human beings. It was first used to multiply human embryos in October 1993, by Robert Stillman and Jerry Hall at George Washington Medical Center (Stock, 2000). They cloned human embryos by splitting early two- to eight-cell embryos into single embryo cells. Each embryo cell will grow up to create a distinct individual, completely separated from the other embryo cells. Therefore, cloning using the cell mass division does not produce copies of an individual. It only produces one more individual with the same genotype. We should never forget that cloning will only produce twins with the same genotype which means that each individual will be a distinct person. This technique is based on the idea that nuclei from cells derived from an adult could be reprogrammed, or that the full genetic complement of such a cell could be reactivated well into the chronological life of the cell. To date, there has been only a single reported case of cloning using this technique on a higher animal. It is important to recognize that this procedure has a great number of important applications in research. One of these applications is to clone genetically engineered animals to produce large quantities of powerful pharmacological agents or to produce

Week 2 Hand-in Assignment -2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 2 Hand-in -2 - Assignment Example But how does that rectangular box, on the wall of the bank, in a private booth, or maybe in a convenience store, dispense all of that cash? What are the user requirements? The ATM is a classic example of the textbook definition of Chapter 4.1.1 â€Å"The functional requirements for a system describe what the system should do†. The European Community basically agrees in its ATM Protection Guidelines (2000). Although it is relatively old, the University of Maryland issued a very good document on this subject (1996). The following steps must be undertaken before the customer can receive his or her money. Any answers of no will cause a rejected transaction and the person will be turned away. 4. If valid, customer is prompted to enter his Personal Identification Number. Is it correct? (Depending upon the policies of the bank, the customer is given a number of chances [usually three] to enter the correct number). 6. If the answers to questions two, three or four or no, depending upon the type of machine and again the bank or network policy, an error message is displayed on the screen. The card is either returned or seized without printing a receipt. 11. If all questions other than Item Ten are â€Å"Yes†, then cash is dispensed, a receipt is printed, and the customer is reminded to remove his card. The ATM also notifies the customer bank of the transaction, along with any fees assessed. All of these steps are completed (most of the time) in a matter of seconds, probably less than two minutes. Some say the increased use of debit cards, twenty per cent in the last fifteen years (FED 2006), may spell the demise of ATM. Yet the recent credit card crunch and tightening of bank regulations have led to the use of more cash and that means the little boxes will continue to

Healthy Eating and Exercise for Pregnant Women

Healthy Eating and Exercise for Pregnant Women Introduction It is undeniable that pregnancy is one of the toughest periods women go through in their lives. Pregnancy is characterized by hormonal imbalances, which not only affects the moods of women also their appetite and cravings. It also affects the way women live, what they do, and how they do it. However, as Wolfe AL Davies, G. (2003) explains, eating appropriately and keeping one’s body physically fit is among the most important strategies with which to keep safe and healthy pregnancies. Essentially, good nutrition or rather eating healthy during pregnancy does contribute enormously in the development of healthy babies. Eating healthy during pregnancy entails the consumption of foods that are rich in a wide range of valuable nutrients including iodine, iron, vitamins, and folate among others. On the other hand, keeping fit and maintaining appropriate body weights, particularly by engaging in recommendable physical exercises is an important strategy with which to make women feel better during pregnancies. Doing (and not overdoing) exercises during pregnancy has numerous benefits to both the expectant mother and the child among them reduced labor periods, easier child delivery, faster recovery after child delivery, and better development of the fetus. Hence, this paper will use legitimate article reviews to extensively analyze healthy eating as well as appropriate exercising for pregnant women. The paper will address the various nutrients and their sources (required foods), and their benefits to pregnant women and the unborn children. It will equally analyze some of the foods that pregnant women should avoid in order to keep their pregnancies healthy. The paper will as well discuss the types of exercises that pregnant women should engage in as well as avoid on the verge to keep them and their unborn children healthy and safe. Healthy Eating For Pregnant Women Many at times, pregnant women, especially during the first trimester of their pregnancy, suffer from anorexia or lack of appetite. However, it is a given that women ought to choose a wide variety of foods in order to meet their nutritional needs and those of their unborn children during pregnancy. They are recommended to eat foods that contain the right amounts and varieties of nutrients on each day of their pregnancy. Because they often experience decreased appetite levels, pregnant women may at times need supplements for specific minerals and vitamins in order to keep them and their babies safe and healthy (Devine, Olson Bove, 2000). Certainly, nutrients are necessary for the sustainability of pregnant women and effective development of the unborn children and that is why easting healthy is a mandatory requirement for all pregnant women. The consumption of a wide variety of highly nutritious foods also helps to keep pregnant women and their children healthy, more so during a perio d when their (pregnant women’s) bodies need more nutrients to sustain two or more lives. Referring to Franko, Herzog, Becker, Flores, Greenwood, Delinsky Blais, (2014), pregnant women are recommended by dieticians to eat healthy by consuming a wide variety of fruits and vegetables to acquire adequate amounts of vitamins for enhance immunity. They are as well recommended to increase their intake of grains and/or cereals to at least eight meals each day, especially wholegrain and foods with high fibre content. Pregnant women should as well increase their consumption of foods that are rich in iron such as red meat, which helps to increase the level of red blood cells and that consequently reduces the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women. In addition, pregnant women needs to eat foods that are rich calcium such as milk, yoghurt, and cheese, which helps in the development of stronger bones for both the mother and unborn children. It is as well recommended that pregnant women take plenty of water of between 750 and 1000 ml on each day. Pregnant women should as well avoid eating foods and drinks that have high levels of fats and saturated sugars. Pregnant women should as well avoid eating raw foods, especially red meet seafood; as such food increases their vulnerability to being contaminated with such bacteria as salmonella, coliform, and toxoplasmosis which causes infections that are not only harmful to mothers but also the unborn children. Moreover, pregnant women should avoid taking deli meat, which is known for having listeria, a component responsible for increased probability of miscarriages. During pregnancy, women and the unborn children undergo various physiological changes and developments, which make them, have an exponentially growing demand for extra nutrients. Therefore, eating healthy from all the major food categories, which are carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins, and fats, is vital. However, throughout the first trimester of pregnancy, the energy requirement of women remains the same as before they conceived, and that makes the consumption of extra food at this stage of pregnancy unnecessary. Nonetheless, the energy requirement of pregnant women increases as the pregnancy develops into the second and the third trimesters. As a result, pregnant women are fortified to increase their intake of carbohydrates or grain foods so that they meet their energy requirements at these two stages of pregnancy development. Basically, they are recommended to eat about two and a half extra serves of grain foods during their second and third trimesters. Pregnant women should equal ly increase their intake for other nutrients such as vitamins and proteins appropriately on the verge to meet the changing demands of nutrients in entirety in their bodies during the last two trimesters of their pregnancy (Thornton, Kieffer, Salabarrà ­a-Peà ±a, Odoms-Young, Willis, Kim Salinas, 2006). Folic Acid and Pregnancy Folic Acid, also known as folate, comprises of B-group vitamins is an important food component for pregnant women. Folate helps in protecting the development of unborn-children against neutral tube defects, and that makes it important that all women take enough of this component during pregnancy. As Polley, Wing Sims (2002) points out, medical practitioners and nationalists recommend that pregnant women, more so during their first trimester, ought to take supplements of folic acid that contains a minimum of 400 micrograms of folate on daily basis. Additionally, pregnant women are recommended to constantly consume foods that are naturally rich in folic acid and/or those that are fortified with folate. Some the foods that are naturally rich in Folic Acid are chick peas, lentils, spinach, dried beans, cabbage, cauliflower, oranges, parsley, wheat germ, potatoes, tomatoes, unsalted peanuts, and salmon among others. It is equally important to note that in as much as liver has high conten t of folic acid, it equally has high content of vitamin A, and that makes it inappropriate for pregnant women. Iron and Pregnancy Pregnant women require increased iron content in their bodies for their sustainability as well as healthy development of their unborn children. Essentially, children draw enough iron to sustain them for upto five to six months after delivery from their mothers during pregnancy (Lobel, Cannella, Graham, DeVincent, Schneider Meyer, 2008). Although pregnant women have minimum loss of iron from their bodies as they do not menstruate during pregnancy, the level of iron in their bodies is often not enough to sustain them and their unborn children. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that pregnant women consume foods that are rich in iron on daily basis. Among the iron-enriched foods that are recommended for pregnant women are well cooked red meat, dried beans, lentils, green leafy vegetables, seafood, and chicken. Furthermore, nutritionists have found that iron from animal sources are often readily absorbed by the body, hence are recommended over iron from plants. However, some women ar e vegetarians; thus, they should eat plant sources of iron alongside other foods that contain vitamin C such as oranges as this vitamin enhances the absorption of iron from plant sources by the body. Lack of iron in a woman’s body, especially during pregnancy leads to anemia; hence, pregnant women are recommended to take at least 27 mg of iron per day. In case a pregnant woman may not be able to take the recommended amount of iron daily, she should take iron supplements in order to boost the level of this important nutrient in their bodies. Iodine and Pregnancy Mottola, Giroux, Gratton, Hammond, Hanley, Harris Sopper, (2010) states that iodine is one of the most important minerals for pregnant women because it helps in the production of thyroid hormone, which is fundamental for growth and development of the fetus/unborn children. Inadequate intake of iodine during pregnancy does increase the vulnerability to mental disorders and cretinism among the newborns (Mottola et al., 2010). Foods that are iodine-enriched include seaweed and seafood, eggs, dairy products, and meat. Iodized salts are also good sources of iodine, though they should not be consumed uncooked. Because of the importance of iodine for a pregnant woman and her child, it is recommended that they take a minimum of 150 micrograms of iodine each day throughout their pregnancy and breastfeeding. Exercises for Pregnant Women Referring to Wolfe AL Davies (2003), exercises are important for pregnant women because they not only helps them to adapt faster with their changing body weights and shape during and after pregnancy but also help them cope with labor pains. Pregnant women are recommended o keep their bodies physically active on daily basis by engaging in such exercises as running, dancing, yoga, and even walking. Exercises during pregnancy are often not harmful; rather, they help in minimizing complications that usually arise in the later stages of pregnancy. In as much as exercising is important during pregnancy, women who were not physically active before they became pregnant should not suddenly engage in strenuous exercises as that may affect them and their children. Pregnant women considered physically active before are encourages to engage in at least a half an hour walk on daily basis. Pregnant women are also cautioned against lying flat on their backs during pregnancy, especially after the 16th week of their pregnancy, as the weight of their bump does press on their main blood vessels to bring blood back to their heart, and that increases their vulnerability to fainting. Pregnant women are also discouraged to participate in contact sports that have increased risk of being hit such as kickboxing and squash. Omen are also cautioned against exercising on grounds that are over 2,500 meters above the sea level as they together with their unborn babies are at increased risk of contracting altitude sicknesses (Devine et al., 2000). Engaging in appropriate forms of physical exercises during pregnancies helps women to strengthen their muscles to enable them carry their increasing body weigh due to pregnancy. Appropriate exercises equally make pregnant women to have stronger joints, improved blood flow or circulations, eased backaches, and generally make them feel better during pregnancies. The Stomach-Strengthening Exercises As the unborn child develops, the hollow in the lower back of pregnant women increases, a factor that gives them backaches. In order to reduce the prevalence of backaches among pregnant women, the abdominal exercises or exercises that strengthen the stomach muscles are recommended. Pregnant women who need to strengthen their stomach muscles should sit with their knees under their hips and hands beneath their shoulders, and with their fingers facing forward and abdomen lifted high to keep their backs upright. They should then pull their stomach muscles while simultaneously raising their backs towards the ceiling in order to curl their trunk and allow their heads to relax forward. They should then hold in that position for few seconds before returning to their original position. They should repeat this procedure five to seven times per exercising session (Franko et al., 2014). The Pelvic Tilt Exercises Pelvic exercises are as well important for pregnant women because they help strengthen the pelvic muscles, which serve as the door for the delivery of children. While conducting a pelvic tilt exercise, a pregnant woman should stand with her shoulder and bottom against the wall and with her knees soft, she should pull her tummy towards the spine to make her back flatten against the wall. She should maintain that position for at about five seconds and the repeat the procedure approximately ten times. The Pelvic Floor Exercises The pelvic floor exercises are important for pregnant women because it helps to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles, which undergo massive strains during pregnancy and child delivery. Weak pelvic floors during pregnancy make women uncomfortable as they often leak urine when coughing, sneezing, or experiencing any strains (also called stress incontinence). Strengthening pelvic floor muscles reduces stress incontinence during and after pregnancy. Conclusion In conclusion of the above, eating healthy and engaging in physical exercises is important for pregnant women. Eating healthy involves consuming foods that are rich in a variety of nutrients such as vitamins, carbohydrates, and proteins. Among the most important nutrients needed during pregnancy are iodine, iron, and folic acid. Exercises are equally important in keeping pregnant women fit and consequently able to cope with the changing body shape and weight while pregnant. Pregnant women should also engage in stomach-strengthening exercises, the pelvic tilt exercises, and the pelvic floor exercises. References Devine, C. M., Olson, C. M., Bove, C. F. (2000). The continuity and change in weight orientations of women and their lifestyle practices through pregnancy as well as the postpartum period: the influence of life course trajectories as well as transitional events. Social Science Medicine, 50(4), 567-582. Franko, D. L., Herzog, D. B., Becker, A. E., Flores, A. T., Greenwood, D. N., Delinsky, S. S., Blais, M. A. (2014). The pregnancy complications as well as neonatal outcomes among women with eating disorders. Lobel, M., Cannella, D. L., Graham, J. E., DeVincent, C., Schneider, J., Meyer, B. A. (2008). Pregnancy-specific, prenatal health behaviors, and birth outcomes. Health Psychology, 27(5), 604. Mottola, Giroux, Gratton, R., Hammond,., Hanley, A., Harris, S., Sopper, M. M. (2010). Nutrition exercise prevent excess weight gain in overweight pregnant women. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 42(2), 265. Polley, B. A., Wing, R. R., Sims, C. J. (2002). Randomized controlled prevent excessive weight gain in pregnant women. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders: journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 26(11), 1494-1502. Thornton, P. L., Kieffer, E. C., Salabarrà ­a-Peà ±a, Y., Odoms-Young, A., Willis, S. K., Kim, H., Salinas, M. A. (2006). Weight, diet, physical activity-related beliefs and practices among pregnant and postpartum Latino women: the role of social support. Maternal and child health journal, 95-104. Wolfe, L. A., AL Davies, G. (2003). Canadian guidelines for exercise in pregnancy. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 46(2), 488-495.

Antimicrobial Activity of Banana

The experience of human misery in the form of disease is perhaps as old as the inception of man on the earth. The history of medicine beyond record of human civilization is shrouded in the misery of obscurity; it almost touches the boundaries of mythology, both East and West alike. Several pharmacological industries have evaluated new era for the search of effective antibiotics throughout the world but on the other hand resistance to these an antibiotic by microorganisms has increased.The increasing failure of chemotherapeutics and antibiotic resistance exhibited by pathogenic microbial infectious agents has led to the screening of several medicinal plants for potential antimicrobial activity. They have a long evolution of resistance against microbial agents which has lead to alternative directions in drug development. The development of antibacterial agents derived from micro-organisms and chemotherapeutic agents from plants is a research area of the utmost importance. The present s tudy was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of banana (Musa sapientum Linn.)Blossom extract against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli). The appropriate extraction process with an outstanding antibacterial activity of the extract was the alcoholic extraction with 80% ethyl alcohol for 48 hours. The antimicrobial activities of the extract were evaluated using paper disc diffusion methods and assay plates. ?-sistosterol, 12- hydroxystrearic acid, palmitic acid and d-malic acid and tannic acid, the bioactive compounds isolated from Musa Sapientum Linn.can retain their inhibitory effect against bacterial growth in model media based on the inhibitory zone minimally. Contents Page Title Pagei Abstractii Table of Contentsiii I. Introduction1 II. Materials and Methods Flow Chart5 Preparation of Dried Samples6 Extraction of Fresh and Dried Banana Inflorescence6 Preparation of 0. 5 McFarland Standard7 Preparation of Nutrient Broth and 7 Adjustment of Turbidity Preparation of Assay Plates and Cotton-Swabbing7 Paper Disc Diffusion Method8 Reading the Assay Plates9 Analyzing the Results9 III. Results and Discussions10IV. Conclusions and Recommendations13 V. Acknowledgement14 VI. References15 VII. Appendices16 Introduction The experience of human misery in the form of disease is perhaps as old as the inception of man on the earth. The history of medicine beyond record of human civilization is shrouded in the misery of obscurity; it almost touches the boundaries of mythology, both East and West alike. Human or Animal sacrifices on altars of temples of god was a common practice even during the days when Indus, Nile, and Greek Civilizations were on their climax.Though these acts did not have any direct or otherwise bearing on the health of diseased or wounded, it had its own convincing or satisfying effects. In order to find remedy for illness and for providing relief to the wounded the man discovered its first res ort in plants. Several pharmacological industries have evaluated new era for the search of effective antibiotics throughout the world but on the other hand resistance to these an antibiotic by microorganisms has increased. It is known that microorganisms have the genetic ability to transmit and acquire resistance towards drugs.The increasing failure of chemotherapeutics and antibiotic resistance exhibited by pathogenic microbial infectious agents has led to the screening of several medicinal plants for potential antimicrobial activity. They have a long evolution of resistance against microbial agents which has lead to alternative directions in drug development. Most of green plants represent a reservoir of effective chemotherapeutants and can provide valuable sources of natural drugs, natural pesticides and bio-fertilizers.Therefore, extracts of plants and phytochemicals are getting more importance as they have the great potential sources for microbial and viral inhibitors during th e recent decade. Plant parts used for this purposes are bulb, gel, leaves, roots, barks, peels etc. Different class of plant family and their respective parts has been used to treat threat throughout human culture. Among the most ancient recorded uses of medicinal plants are those found in China and India, where historic approach to the treatment of human diseases is still practiced.Bananas are the fourth most important food crop in developing countries, after rice, wheat, and maize, with nearly 90% of the crops being grown for small-scale consumption and local trade. Banana plants are cultivated in more than 100 countries throughout the tropical and subtropical regions, occupying around 10 million hectares, with an annual fruit production of approximately 88 million metric tons. It possesses many curative properties and prevents many kinds of illnesses and conditions. Different parts of plant are used very 2frequently in different worship ceremonies by the Indians among them banana have many beneficial nutritional properties. They are a good source of vitamins C, B6, A, potassium, high content of carbohydrates and fiber, while they are low in protein. Several references have been reported for hot and cold extraction method of banana plant. Pharmacological investigations revealed that banana blossoms are screened for antidiarrhoeal activity (Rabbani et al. , 1999, 2001), antiulcerative activity (Pannangpetch et al. 2001; Goel and Sairam, 2002; Jain et al.2007), antimicrobial activity (Richter and Vore, 1989; Ahmad and Beg, 2001; Mokbel and Hashinaga, 2005; Alisi et al. , 2008; Fagbemi et al. , 2009; Mumtaz Jahan, 2010), Hypoglycemic activity (Ojewole and Adewunmi, 2003; Mallick et al. , 2006; Mallick et al. , 2007; Singh et al. , 2007); Hypocholesterolaemic activity (Vijayakumar et al. ,2009), antioxidant activity (Yin et al. , 2008), Diuretic activity (Jain et al. , 2007), Wound healing activity (Agarwal et al. 2009), Anti-allergic activity (Tewtrakul et al. , 2008), Antimalarial activity (Kaou et al. , 2008), Anti-snake venom activity (Borges et al.2005). Literature reviews indicated that banana fruits and flowers contain antibacterial principles and no reports available for antibacterial activities from corm of banana plants. 3 Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of active compounds like glycosides, tannins, saponnins, phenols, steroids and flavonoids in the M. sapientum flower ethanolic extract. It was revealed that tannins have the highest concentration value of 88. 31 mg/ 100 g. This is probably the reason why banana blossom has a good antimicrobial and antioxidative activity (Sumathy et al. , 2011). 4 Materials and MethodsThe procedure in conducting this research investigation consists of several steps. They are shown in the following methodology flowchart. Preparation of Plant Material Banana inflorescences were bought from the local market. The buds of the inflorescences were separated from the bracts, cleaned and sun -dried at under constant ventilation. Dried samples were diced finely. They were ready to be given at the Department of Science and Technology for extraction. Extraction of Fresh and Dried Banana Inflorescence The dried samples were weighed exactly 121. 57 grams in an Erlenmeyer flask.They were treated with sufficient 80% ethyl alcohol in order to completely submerge the sample. The Erlenmeyer flask was covered with the stopper and the soaked samples were homogenized for 24-48 hours. The soaked samples were filtered through Buchner funnel with gentle suction. The flask and the soaked sample were rinsed with fresh portions of alcohol. The washings and soaked samples were transferred to the funnel and the washings were combined with the first filtrate. Gentle suction was applied to complete the collection of the plant extract. The plant residue was discarded.The filtrate under vacuo at temperature below 50 °C to about 20 mL was concentrated. The concentrated extract was measured exa ctly 90 mL. It was then stored in a refrigerator at temperature 0 °C for further experimentation. 6 Preparation of 0. 5 McFarland Standard 0. 5 mL of 0. 048 M Barium chloride (BaCl2) (1. 175%w/v BaCl2 †¢ 2H2O) to 99. 5 mL of 0. 36 N Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was mixed. 5 mL of solution was distributed into screw-cap tubes of the same dimension as those to be used in preparing the culture suspension. Screw-cap tubes were tightly sealed and stored in the dark at room temperature.Preparation of Nutrient Broth and Adjustment of Turbidity of the Inoculum The preparation of 1000 mL solution was prepared according to the indicated label. A loopful of bacteria, gram positive or gram negative, from the culture was taken and inoculated in 50 mL nutrient broth. The culture broth was incubated for 18-24 hours at 35 °C. The culture broth for turbidity was observed. 5 mL of the culture broth was aseptically transferred in the sterile screw-capped tubes. The bacterial suspension was agitated on a vortex mixer and was immediately compared against the 0. 5 McFarland standard prepared.Preparation of Assay Plates and Cotton-Swabbing The assay plates were prepared depending on the number of test organism and replications required. Approximately 15 mL of 7 melted nutrient agar was poured into dry and sterile petri dishes and let the medium solidify. A sterile cotton swab was moistened into the inoculum suspension. It was used with wooden applicator handles. The sterile cotton swab was dipped into a suspension of the inoculum. The moistened swab was pressed and rotated firmly against the wall of the tube just above the fluid level to remove the excess liquid.The inoculum was swabbed aseptically into a solidified nutrient agar by streaking the swab over the entire surface of the agar plate three times. The plate was rotated 60 degrees after each application to ensure an even distribution of the inoculum on the surface of the medium and then the swabbed plates were stood for 5 m inutes. Paper Disc Diffusion Method One paper disc was picked out using the forceps and immersed into the plant extract. The moistened filter disc was laid gently on the seeded agar plate. The disc was tapped gently with forceps to ensure maximum full contact of the disc with the agar medium.The inverted plates were then incubated. 8 Reading the Assay Plates The discs were observed and a halo was formed. This is the sign of the zone of inhibition. The plates were inverted and measured using the ruler for each inhibition zone in millimeters. Analyzing the Results 19 mm may also be expressed as very active. 9 Results and Discussion Table 1. 1 shows the zone of inhibition in millimeters and the parameter Parameter Zone of Inhibition (mm) Staphylococcus aureus Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average Rommel Joshua 22 25 24 24 Escherichia coli Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 AverageCarlo Allison 25 25 21 24 The result obtained in the antibacterial activity obviously indicated that the ethanolic extract s howed its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. ?-sistosterol, 12- hydroxystrearic acid, palmitic acid and d-malic acid and tannic acid were bioactive compounds isolated from Musa Sapientum Linn. The zone of inhibition was more than 19 millimeters in diameter which means it is very active. According to this investigation, it could be indicated that antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of Musa sapientum L.is due to the present of those bioactive compounds. Graph 1. 1 shows the zone of inhibition of E. coli 11 Graph 1. 2 shows the zone of inhibition of S. Aureus 12 Conclusions and Recommendation Based on the findings of the study, the researchers’ arrived at a conclusion: The appropriate extraction process with an outstanding antibacterial activity of the extract was the alcoholic extraction with 80% ethyl alcohol for 48 hours. The ethanol showed an antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms. The study show that the natural antimicrobial compounds of Musa sapientum Linn.can retain their inhibitory effect against bacterial growth in model media based on the inhibitory zone. But, there is no significant difference of the banana blossom in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. Based on the conclusion drawn, the following recommendations are given: The researchers’ would like to recommend further analysis on the other parts of the banana plant that can display an antibacterial activity. 13 Acknowledgement Foremost to God Almighty, the greatest author of all times, for His guidance and blessings who gave the researcher the strength and determination to finish this piece of work. Mrs. Letecia S.Villanueva, our chemistry teacher, for her moral support and encouragement as well as his utmost understanding and consideration which led to the realization of this study; the SRC committee, chaired by Mrs. Julieta N. Garcia with members: Mr. Elmer F. Conde, Mr. Bernabe L. Linog and Mrs. Mari e Lou S. Paler for their constructive comments, relevant suggestions and valuable input and for their understanding which greatly and surely pushed the researchers towards the accomplishment of the study; the DOST personnel for their tools and equipments in experimenting the study which surely gave the results of the study accurately; and to Mr.Edmund Mendoza for the statistical analysis which helped to conclude the study. To the researchers’ parents, Mrs. Marlita B. Ongtico, Mr. and Mrs. Roman O. Oronan, and Mr. and Mrs. Agra, classmates, parents and friends, and all those who, in one way or another, helped in financing, realization of the study and encouragement, never ending support and knowledge of the study.

Compare And Contrast The Black Death - 1171 Words

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