Professional Sports - Free Agency is Causing the Slow...

Free Agency is Causing the Slow Death of Baseball What ever happened to the old days? This is a comment that my Dad and Grandpa are always saying when it comes to major league baseball in this era. Like clockwork, at the beginning of every baseball season my Dad says, Every year my team has all new faces. How am I supposed to root for this team if I dont even know who is playing for them. Now, more than ever, this comment is true. It is true because of free agency in baseball. Free agency is destroying the fabric of the baseball blanket in America. This is the same blanket that many of us sports fans have grown up with and have drawn accustomed too. Baseball is our national pastime. If something is not done to change free agency†¦show more content†¦What this breaks down to is that a player with less than three years experience has to settle for whatever the team that owns his rights as a player offers him. A player with more than three years but less than six years experience in the majors can file for an independent arbit ration meeting if he feels that he is worth more than the contract that he signed when he was in his first three years in the majors. The arbitrator then decides if the player is worth more money or if he is not worth more money. Finally, after a person has spent six full seasons in the major leagues he is then eligible for free agency which means he is capable of going where the money takes him and that is what most of these players do. Whether that is right or wrong nobody knows, but the fact of the matter is that free agency is causing problems in baseball. Worsnop also states that professional sports leagues are thriving in the United States. Fan attendance is at an all-time high and TV revenues are skyrocketing. But the issue of free agency continues to plague player-management relations. This is especially true in major league baseball. The owners feel that there must be restrictions placed on players movements from team to team to create a competitive balance and also to keep salaries down. The players do not totally reject managements argument, but they believe that they should have latitude to test the market and negotiate with other teams inShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesservices David Levy  ©Michael Eudenbach/Getty Images, Inc. This book was set in 10/12 ITC Legacy Serif Book by Aptaracorp, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier/Kendallville. This book is printed on acid free paper. Copyright  © 2010, 2007, 2005, 2002 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recordingRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesmanagers. 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It Is Better to Be the Eldest Child in a Family Than to Be the Youngest. Free Essays

3. 01 Result and discussions for question 1 Diagram 1:For smoking student The pie chart above shows the percentage of smokers between the genders among Labuan Matriculation College(LMC) students. Based on the pie chart, the highest smoker between genders is that male students with a percentage of 71%. We will write a custom essay sample on It Is Better to Be the Eldest Child in a Family Than to Be the Youngest. or any similar topic only for you Order Now While,smoker among female students was 29%,which is less than male students smoker in LMC. 3. 01 Result and discussion for question 1 Diagram 2:For not smoking student. The pie chart above shows the percentage of students who do not smoke between gender in Labuan Matriculation College(LMC). Based on pie chart,available percent of male students who do not smoke are 61% and it was higher than the percentage of female students who do not smoke as much as 39% 3. 02 Result and discussions for question 2. Diagram 3: No of cigarettes stick that the student smoke per day. The pie chart above shows the amount of cigarettes that are taken by students who smoke in a day. Based on the pie chart,the little amount of cigarettes taken by students who smoke in a day is the 4-6 sticks with the percentage 11. 76%. Further,students who smoke cigarettes 1-3 and 7-10 cigarettes a day is by 29. 1%. The most abundant amount of cigarettes taken by students who smoked in a day was more than 10 sticks of cigarettes with a share of 29. 42%. 3. 03 Result and discussions for question 3. Diagram 4: Ammount of student spent per month to buy cigarettes. The pie chart above shows the total expenses of students who smoke to buy cigarettes in a month. Much as 29. 41% of the students who spend RM10-RM30 a nd RM40-RM60 to buy cigarettes in a month,and the percent was also the highest percentage to the amount of money spent by a students to buy cigarettes in a month time period. After that ,23. 53% of students spend RM70-RM100 and 17. 65% for students who spend their money to buy cigarettes by more than RM100 in a month. 3. 04 Result and discussion for question 4. Diagram 5: What one’s feeling when next to the person who is smoking. Based on the above pie chart, the chart shows the percentage of non-smokers one’s feelings when they are next to the person who is smoking, where 62. 5% of people feel angry when seated next to the person who is smoking a cigarette. By 8. 33% of people feel sad when you are on the side of people who smoke,and 12. % of those who do not feel anything when sitting next to the person who was smoking a cigarette, and the other is of 16. 67%. In conclusion,many people do not like it when sitting next to the person who was smoking a cigarette. 3. 05 Result and discussion for question 5. Diagram 6: Student start smoking. The pie chart above shows the beginning where the majority of students start smoking at all levels of th e institution. Highest percentage of students who start smoking is while in high school rate of 75%. Next,at 16. 67% of the students who started smoking when they were in primary school. At the college level,the percentage of students who started smoking in college is 8. 33%,the lowest percentage among the two percentages above. Conclusion, many students start smoking when they are growing up that while in high school. 3. 06 Result and discussion for question 6. Diagram 7: The main factor of smoking among LMC student is very cheap cigarettes in Labuan. The pie chart above shows the percentage of the main factors of smoking among college students Labuan matriculation is a cheap price because cigarette smoking is one of the things that are not taxable in Labuan. The pie chart shows the total of 4. 7% of people who do not agree with these factors,and are not sure whether this factor is correct or not by 33. 33%. 62. 5% agreed with the statement that the price of cheap cigarettes smoking is a major factor,but from 62. 5%, only 37. 5% are totally agree about the statement and the remainder only agree. 3. 07 Result and discussion for question 7. Diagram 8:Actions that will be done when students who do not smoke saw students who are smoking. The pie chart above shows the action that will be done by students who do not smoke when he saw students smoking in Labuan Matriculation College. Ignore the students who smoke is the most frequent actions performed by students with a share of 50%. Secondly, as much as 45. 83% of the students who give advice to students who smoke when bumped the students who smoke. Next, the action can also be done by the student when he saw the smoke in the college student is to report to the college. But only 17. 4% had done and 0% for the students who took part when he saw smoking in college students. In conclusion, many students who do not like to interfere when he saw smoking in college students. . 08 Result and discussion for question 8. Diagram 9: The factors that cause students smoking Figure 6 shows the percentage of the factors that cause Labuan matriculation college students smoking in the form of a pie chart. Based on the diagram, students more influenced by their peers as much as 54. 67% of the students. A total of 25% of students who smoke on account of want to try something new. There are 16. 67% of the students who smoke to rele ase tension and other factors is at 3. 66%. 3. 09 Result and discussion for question 9. Diagram 10: The Percentage of student who not smoke think that smokers are easily influenced by their friends. Based on diagram 10 above,the 50% of respondend say yes that the smoker easily influenced by their friends. No student say no that the smoker not easily influenced by their friend and also 7. 5% unsure about the factors. Finally,42. 5% student not answer this questions. 3. 10 Result and discussion for question 10. Diagram 11:Percentage of repond by student who smoke that they still want to continue smoking or not. Based on diagram above, 27. % student will continue smoking and 20% student will stop smoking . Finally, 52. 50% student not answer the questions because they are not smoker. 3. 11 Result and discussion for question 11. Diagram 12:Perception Labuan Matriculation College’s student about smoking where smoking is good or not. Based on pie chart above,the pie shows the percentage of student perception about smoking is good or not ,52. 5% student say that smoking is not good for us and no student say that smoking are good. 47. 5% student not answer this question. How to cite It Is Better to Be the Eldest Child in a Family Than to Be the Youngest., Essays

Critical Review of Fast Mover Advantages †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Critical Review of Fast Mover Advantages. Answer: Critical Review This paper provides a critical review of the article Fast?mover advantages: Speed capabilities and entry into the emerging submarket of Atlantic Basin LNG by Hawk, Pacheco-de-Almeida and Yeung (2012). The thesis of this article is to examine the advantages experienced by fast-movers in terms of entry into the market and its speed. The purpose of writing this article is to influence the firms intrinsic speed capabilities on entering a new market and the resulting performance from it. This article shall be beneficial for the scholars and practitioners who wish to make contributions to strategy research on entry timing and firm capabilities. This article shall also act as guidance to other articles related to global competitiveness. The authors Ashton Hawk, Goncalo Pacheco-de-Almedia and Bernard Yeung are professors are reputed universities in USA, France and Singapore respectively. As argued by Hawk, Pacheco-de-Almeida and Yeung (2012) in this article, fast-movers experience advantage in terms of entry into the new market. The idea of fast-mover can be related with the early bird gets the worm. According to Brem, Gerhard and Voigt (2014), the first company to sell a new product gets long-lasting benefits or advantages. The first movers are also referred to as market pioneers as it may result in market dominance and higher than average profitability in the coming time. The argument can be supported by the example of Amazon.com, which was the first major online bookstore that allowed web purchases in 1994 (Rasmusen and Yoon 2012). The article does not state the two stages of developing first-mover advantages clearly (Brem, Gerhard and Voigt 2014). One of the strengths of this article is that it clearly indicates the uncertainty associated with a new market and due to competition from other entrants. Also, strength of this article is that Hawk, Pacheco-de-Almeida and Yeung (2012) elaborate the meaning and concepts of entry timing decision and endogenity problem. At the same time, the article could focus on more theories relating to market pioneers. A glimpse could also be provided regarding late market entry and its critical review from other articles (Wilkie, Johnson and White 2014). Further, the research method chosen for examining the relationship between speed capabilities, entry timing and performance is drawn from empirical findings. The approach is advantageous as is helps in quantifying the research results that helps in testing the hypotheses. Further, the research fails to analyze other case studies that could be used as case analysis. The research focuses on LNG construction projects in the Atlantic Basin only. This helps in specifically establishing relationship in the Atlantic Basin LNG. However, as the focus is laid specifically on Atlantic Basin LNG, the research results cannot be used as a basis for another geographic location. The restrictive geographical boundary restricts the scope of research and the results cannot be generalized for other organizations. The study revolves around two critical features, new market entry decisions and usage specificity. One of the quotations from the article An early entrant faces less competition but may make costly mistakes due to a lack of information and learning opportunities, whereas late entrants can benefit from information revelation and learning opportunities but may face higher preemption costs strongly supports my opinion about the fast-mover advantage (Hawk, Pacheco-de-Almeida and Yeung 2012). This can be further supported by the case of Kelloggs which offers the benefit of weight in its breakfast cereal. This article fails to mention the cases where first-mover have moved into oblivion. Previously, Motorola and Blackberry had occupied the major market but currently they have been surpassed by both Samsung and Apple (Al-Najjar and Besanko 2017). This article fails to address if first mover is a requirement or promise. The article can elaborate the points that can be solved using first-mover advantages in Atlantic Basin LNG (Yan, Zhao and Tang 2015). According to Vidal and Mitchell (2013), new entrants face certain challenges while they want to wish to gain first mover advantage. This article fails to address the challenges that may arise in Atlantic Basin LNG as a first-mover. The fast followers can learn from the mistakes of early innovators and bring a more suitable product to the market (Hsiao et al. 2015). Conclusively, this review helped in obtaining insight about fast mover advantage. The thesis of this article to examine the advantages experienced by fast-movers in terms of entry into the market and its speed was clearly established. However, it is suggested that the article could involve possible recommendations that could be beneficial for Atlantic Basin LNG as fast mover. References Al-Najjar, Nabil, and David Besanko. 2017. "Motorola In The Wireless Handset Market".Kellogg School OfManagement Cases1 (1): 1-7. doi:10.1108/case.kellogg.2016.000217. Brem, Alexander, Daniel A. Gerhard, and Kai-Ingo Voigt. 2014. "Strategic Technological Sourcing Decisions In The Context Of Timing And Market Strategies: An Empirical Analysis".International Journal Of Innovation And Technology Management11 (03): 1450016. doi:10.1142/s0219877014500163. Hawk, Ashton, Gonalo Pacheco-de-Almeida, and Bernard Yin Yeung. 2012. "Fast-Mover Advantages: Speed Capabilities And Entry Into The Emerging Submarket Of Atlantic Basin LNG".SSRN Electronic Journal34 (13): 1531-1550. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1988143. Hsiao, Yung-Chang, Chung-Jen Chen, Ruey-Shan Guo, and Kae-Kuen Hu. 2015. "First-Mover Strategy, Resource Capacity Alignment, And New Product Performance: A Framework For Mediation And Moderation Effects".RDManagement 47 (1): 75-87. doi:10.1111/radm.12157. Rasmusen, Eric, and Young-Ro Yoon. 2012. "First Versus Second Mover Advantage With Information Asymmetry About The Profitability Of New Markets".The Journal Of Industrial Economics60 (3): 374-405. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6451.2012.00487.x. Vidal, Elena, and Will Mitchell. 2013. "When Do First Entrants Become First Survivors?".Long Range Planning46 (4-5): 335-347. doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2013.06.006. Wilkie, Dean C.H., Lester W. Johnson, and Lesley White. 2014. "Overcoming Late Entry: The Importance Of Entry Position, Inferences And Market Leadership".Journal OfMarketing Management 31 (3-4): 409-429. doi:10.1080/0267257x.2014.981567. Yan, Xinghao, Hui Zhao, and Kwei Tang. 2015. "Requirement Or Promise? An Analysis Of The First-Mover Advantage In Quality Contracting".Production AndOperations Management 24 (6): 917-933. doi:10.1111/poms.12315.

Nuclear Family and British Social Breakdown

Introduction One of the biggest concerns of the contemporary British society is the issue society breakdown. This matter has attained the attention of not just sociologists and anthropologists but the general public as well. Many factors have been attributed to this social problem. Different theories have been fronted to explain the origin, causes and effects of this challenge.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Family and British Social Breakdown specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As they say numbers do not lie. According to statistics, the probability of kids in the Great Britain not been raised by both parents is the greatest in the region, except of Belgium, Latvia and Estonia. As we speak only less than two thirds of children under the age of 14 are living in the same household with their biological parents. This research was carried out by Organization for Economic Development and Co-operation (OEDC). Th e figures indicates that 68.9 per cent of kids under 14 live with both natural parents in United Kingdom while 70.7 of the same age bracket live with both parents in the United States, and 79.5 in France. These statistics form the basis of our critical discussion. In this paper we examine and explain the importance of nuclear family and its functions in British society. The paper goes ahead to elucidate whether the decline of nuclear family contributes to the wider British social breakdown. Contrast and exploration of the nature and functions of the nuclear family with other family types or structures Comparatively nuclear family demonstrates a couple of similarities and contrasts with other family structures. A brief description of nuclear family is that it be defined as a family that is composed of two sets of family members, parents and children, living together in the same home. Interaction within family is usually unlimited and usually very personal. This can be depicted by the close conduct experienced from time to time such as sharing household utilities and facilities. Family members in a nuclear family are generally freer with each other and forms closer ties as compared to other types of family structure. The core function of nuclear is basically supporting each other psychologically, socially, and economically. This comes handy when it comes to transacting vital undertakings such as inheritance of property where every member is expected to receive a share. In comparison to other family structures this exercise is less complex. In extended families such issues as inheritance can be termed as nightmare, this is probably because of the larger numbers. Extended family is the other major type of family structure. It can be described as a family with more than parents and offspring. Sociologist have moved forward and tried to classify extended family as follows. First is the vertical extended family. This branch is made up of three or more sets such as gr andparents, parents and children.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, the horizontal extended family. This family consists of cousins, aunts, and uncles. The last branch is modified extended, commonly referred as Michael Gordon, after his outstanding contribution. This branch is essentially made up of two or more nuclear families living separately. One common distinguishing factor between nuclear and extended family is the level of sets representation in each of them. It is also clear that numbers do vary. Rarely will you find nuclear families with fewer people than extended family or vice verse. In terms of relationships, extended families have â€Å"weaker† relations as compared to nuclear family. In terms of functions the two differ a bit. In nuclear family the focus is primarily on the â€Å"immediate† members but in extended the focus spreads out to meet the needs of everyone in the household. The other fast developing structure of family is single-parent family. As the name insinuates, it is composed of a single parent and children. From statistics, they are more female single parents as compared to male parents. Sometimes this family type is referred as a broken nuclear because often it is a result of broken nuclear family. Single-parent family can be contrasted with nuclear by the fact that in nuclear family both parents work together for the good of the children while in single-parent family only one parent is involved. Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear family compared to other types of family unit The nuclear family bears many advantages and as expected some downside also. To start off is the strength of privacy. Matters conducted within a nuclear family are more likely to be secret, confidential and private. Privacy is a key factor searched by most people because it brings the element of integrity and creation of person al space. Financial stability is another most sought after factor in marriage and society. Nuclear family provides the most conducive environment for financial stability. Both parents are able to save, plan, and provide for the children. This makes the burden bearable for the parents and protects the children from unnecessary lack. Another noticeable advantage of nuclear family is freedom, comfort and avoidance of stress. Nuclear family creates that environment that is more likely to be free from stress and strain. In a way, members find their way to enjoy their life without much interference from other â€Å"external† forces. The disadvantage of nuclear family includes lack of support from the larger society in case of eventualities such as tragedy or death. More often, nuclear family tends to be â€Å"clogged† to itself and members might lack the â€Å"external† touch. This is might contribute to lack of social skills.Advertising We will write a custom es say sample on Nuclear Family and British Social Breakdown specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Possible influences of the ‘breakdown’ of society The state of society breakdown can be contributed to many factors. For the purpose of this paper we shall discuss the following factors: Changes of family structure, career development and feminism. Changes in family structure can be attributed to the increasing threat of society breakdown. It is noticed that a fragmented family will yield to a fragmented society. This is a source of concern to our society. The traditional family has been interfered with and now what we are witnessing is new forms of marriages and families. These new development have resulted to the sad reality of escalating rate of divorces. Notably since 1960, there has been a tremendous increase in divorces occurrences in the Great Britain. Actually between 1961 and 1969 the number doubled and the same increase wa s recorded in 1972. The trend has continued to expand touching its peak at 1993 at 180,000. According to experts, some couples are more prone to suffer divorce. The group that married young and had children before the marriage or practiced cohabitation. The other vulnerable group is partners who have been married or gone through another divorce. Career development is the other main contributor of society breakdown. Marriages and families generally demand a lot of time and resources. In the same tone, career development is taxing and consumes a lot of time. The strength and wisdom to balance the two has lead many people to choose forsaking marriage and family at the expense of developing their careers. Holistically looking at it, at the end of the day it is the society that is hurt because this means compromise in other aspects. In such a case it is easier to cohabitate than to manage a family. It is easier and more prestigious to work towards job promotion than to sacrifice finances for the sake of family. The other could be associated with broken society is the aspect of feminism. From the onset I must clarify that this aspect is not entirely wrong but only some parts which are misplaced. As we know it is the responsibility of women to be â€Å"homemaker† in the family. This is a noble task that requires a lot of humility and patience. However, what are we seeing in the society? Women who are so agitated for their right such that they cannot simply be homemakers. The theory of feminism has good intentions but if addressed with wisdom then I am afraid it ends up doing more harm than good. A family needs both a man and a woman. The man is the head and woman supporting him. And together they form a nuclear family.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Restoration of nuclear family Nuclear family is the most ideal family structure for restoration of the broken society. From the above discussion it is clear that the strengths outweigh the weaknesses. Restoration of nuclear family is a very possible mission. This could be achieved through carrying out programs encouraging especially the young people the significance of family and nuclear in this matter. This program could incorporate â€Å"success stories†, couples, families that have successful lived to enjoy the fruits of nuclear family. Conclusion From the above discussion it clear that decline in nuclear family is leading to the wider broken society in the current British society. In summary nuclear family plays a very strategic and vital role to the well being the society. This can be demonstrated by how much we, as the society, stand to gain if this family structure shall be restored. The following are the main contributors of the society ‘breakdown’ they i nclude Changes of family structure, career development and feminism. This essay on Nuclear Family and British Social Breakdown was written and submitted by user Amber F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Research and Analysis of British Film Idea Essays

Research and Analysis of British Film Idea Essays Research and Analysis of British Film Idea Essay Research and Analysis of British Film Idea Essay The first question I asked myself was what makes a British film? I found out that British films tend to be set in British locations, for instance, Bend it like Beckham and Love Actually were set around London, because it represents Great Britain. Also, these films tend to not include Hollywood actors, but British stars, with English accents, to help determine that these are British films and not American ones. Therefore, my film will also contain British locations and British actors. I found out the difference between a British and an American film is mainly the budget and the narrative codes. American studios are several times larger than British ones, especially due to Fox, Universal and Warner Brothers. Their production value looks more polished, due to the millions of dollars that are put into one film. However, British films rely on Independent film companies, which tend to have low budgets and are sometimes seen as being artistic and edgy, centring serious themes. As money is an issue for British films, I looked at the current trend of UK audiences who go to the cinema. With this information, I can base my film idea to suit the target audience who visit the cinema more frequently, as this would then hopefully increase profits for my film. The graph below shows that even 20 years ago, there was a greater percentage of 15-24 year olds who went to the cinema, and throughout the years, this age range has still been the most frequent visitors. Due to this information, I decided that I would like to work in the Romance/Coming-of-Age genre, as this targets the 15-24 audience range and they will be able to relate to the film, making the film appeal to them. As a result of this, I will be looking at different romantic films, from romcoms to romantic dramas. Therefore, it will help me create my own romantic film idea, as I can develop the same narrative codes from those films into mine. Next, I asked myself what type of audience watch romantic films? I researched by watching popular romantic films, such as, Notting Hill, The Notebook and Twilight. My research showed me that these films are targeted mainly at women, as these films portray a strong representation of women and the genre tends to be very emotive, which is known as a tearjerker and women are known to be more sensitive than men. As well as this, a lot of romantic films are also targeted at couples, as the conflicts normally revolve around relationships and dealing with its issues. Therefore, I will target my film at couples and women, as they will be able to identify with the film. I will have to make sure that my British film is successful aboard too. For instance, Notting Hill is a British film and it was extremely popular in America, as it totalled over $27.7 million on its opening weekend, breaking American box office records. Therefore, I asked myself was what kind of British films have been successful in the UK and aboard recently? The answer is Slumdog Millionaire, as it made over 25 times the amount of money it cost to make the film and won 8 Academy Awards. So why was it so popular? Its because it showed realistic elements of everyday life and contained nail biting drama, with elements of romance, which proves that romance is still a popular genre amongst audiences. With all this research, I have finally created a synopsis, which contains elements of everyday life and romance. My story will follow a teenage girl (Olivia Collette), who is studying her first year of BTech Art ; Design, in College. Her ambition is to make it as an artist, however, her parents dont consider her chosen course to be a suitable enough subject and they dont have any faith in her. She feels shes loosing hope and isnt going to succeed, until she meets a teenage boy (Cameron Fisher), who supports and guides her in the right direction. My film idea follows Vladimir Propps theory about characters, as I have included a princess (Olivia), a hero (Cameron) and villains (Olivias parents). This will help to make my film more interesting, as there will be conflicts/drama between the princess and the villains. This then follows Tzvetan Todorovs theory about equilibrium and disruptions in the narrative. The film will be called Broken Seams, as its a metaphor of how the female protagonist feels before she meets her love interest and the one line pitch is A young artist with no faith in herself, meets an ordinary boy who shows her the meaning of belief. In conclusion, with all my research and findings, this hopefully shows that my British, romantic/coming-of-age drama will be a success in the UK and aboard.

Abbreviations and Titles Used in College

Abbreviations and Titles Used in College Some abbreviations are appropriate in academic writing, while others are not appropriate. Below youll find a list of abbreviations you are likely to use in your experience as a student. Abbreviations for College Degrees Note: The  APA doesnt recommend using periods with degrees. Be sure to consult your style guide as recommended styling may vary.   A.A. Associate of Arts: A two-year degree in any specific liberal art or a general degree covering a mix of courses in liberal arts and sciences. It is acceptable to use the A.A. abbreviation in place of the full degree name. For example, Alfred earned an A.A. at the local community college. A.A.S. Associate of Applied Science: A two: Dorothy earned an A.A.S. in culinary arts after she earned her high school degree. A.B.D. All But Dissertation: This refers to a student who has completed all the requirements for a Ph.D. except for the dissertation. It is used primarily in reference to doctoral candidates whose dissertation is in progress, to state that the candidate is eligible to apply for positions that require a Ph.D. The abbreviation is acceptable in place of the full expression. A.F.A. Associate of Fine Arts: A two-year degree in a field of creative art such as painting, sculpting, photography, theater, and fashion design. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.A. Bachelor of Arts: An undergraduate, four-year degree in liberal arts or sciences. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.F.A. Bachelor of Fine Arts: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a field of creative art. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.S. Bachelor of Science: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a science. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. Note: Students enter college for the first time as undergraduates pursuing either a two-year (associates) or a four-year (bachelors) degree. Many universities have a separate college within called a graduate school, where students may choose to continue their education to pursue a higher degree. M.A. Master of Arts: The masters degree is a degree earned in graduate school. The M.A. is a masters degree in one of the liberal arts awarded to students who study one or two years after earning a bachelors degree. M.Ed. Master of Education: The masters degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in the field of education. M.S. Master of Science: The masters degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in science or technology. Abbreviations for Titles Dr. Doctor: When referring to a college professor, the title usually refers to a Doctor of Philosophy, the highest degree in many fields. (In some fields of study the masters degree is the highest possible degree.) It is generally acceptable (preferable) to abbreviate this title when addressing professors in writing and when conducting academic and non-academic writing. Esq. Esquire: Historically, the abbreviation Esq. has been used as a title of courtesy and respect. In the United States, the title is generally used as a title for lawyers, after the full name. Example: John Hendrik, Esq. It is appropriate to use the abbreviation Esq. in formal and academic writing. Prof. Professor: When referring to a professor in nonacademic and informal writing, it is acceptable to abbreviate when you use the full name. It is best to use the full title before a surname alone. Example: Ill invite Prof. Johnson to appear as a speaker at our next meeting.Professor Mark Johnson is speaking at our next meeting. Mr. and Mrs. The abbreviations Mr. and Mrs. are shortened versions of mister and mistress. Both terms, when spelled out, are considered antiquated and outdated when it comes to academic writing. However, the term mister is still used in very formal writing (formal invitations) and military writing. Do not use mister or mistress when addressing a teacher, a professor, or a potential employer. Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy: As a title, the Ph.D. comes after the name of a professor who has earned the highest degree awarded by a graduate school. The degree may be called a doctoral degree or a doctorate. Example: Sara Edwards, Ph.D. You would address a person who signs correspondence as Sara Edwards, Ph.D. as Dr. Edwards.

Management principle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management principle - Essay Example Leadership is essential in management as it spells out a clear vision that others work towards and formulates the strategies of realising that dream. Management can only be easy and effective if people work together and have the same purpose (Bolman, 2013:78). Efficiency holds time and task into consideration as activities in the organisation are undertaken while effectiveness focuses more on the impact of the activity or the result it has yielded. Efficiency is all about the cost and process under which the task was operated while effectiveness is about the result the activity has produced. In the modern society it would be better for an organisation if it can have both efficiency and effectiveness in its operations but if both can’t be achieved the ‘effectiveness’ is much preferred. This is because in these modern times no one would want to rush things over and end up with a poor result. It would rather be a little bit slow but produce real results. Saving cost should only be if the result is guaranteed and that the reason why technology is expensive but it guarantees good results (Chermack, 2011:55). Centralisation and decentralisation are two opposing business structures based on power to make decisions. In centralised organisations, directives and decisions to the conduct and activities in that organisation are made by a single individual probably the business proprietor like in tiny business while decentralisation is the vesting of power to make decisions and provide management directives on different people in the company such as the departmental managers among others (Chermack, 2011:44). This structural outline varies depending on the business or company. Formal planning is the clearly lucid and well thought-out and prepared ideas about individual or organisational objectives and precisely spelt out methods and procedures of achieving them